Black Panther (Chadwick Boseman) was introduced into the Marvel Cinematic Universe in Captain America: Civil War (2016) and has quickly got onto developing a strong worldwide following. What makes this superhero iconic and differentiates him from other comic book stars beside being from the fictional African nation of Wakanda is that he is the first African comic book figure. Introduced by Stan Lee and the team at Marvel in 1966, he has a long history of this world by partnering with Fantastic Four, X-Men and now the Avengers. Even with these supercharged partnerships and his own long-running series of graphic novels, he is about to bring his African power to cinemas with his origin story.
The cinematic development of this character began with a tragedy occurring during Captian America: Civil War at the United Nations where King T’Chaka (John Kani) dies at the hands of the terrorist, Zemo (Daniel Brühl). Even with the eventual capture of this assassin, his actions cause long-term divisions amongst the Avengers and a devastating impact on the leadership of Wakanda. After banding together with Captain America and the Winter Soldier, Prince T’Challa must do all he can to take on the mantle of Black Panther and the king of his homeland while the people grieve the loss of his father.
During the challenge for leadership amongst the tribes of the African nation, T’Challa comes up against one of the greatest threats to his homeland and the world. As king and the Black Panther, he must do all he can to unify the clans and hold back the formidable impact of Erik Killmonger (Michael B. Jordan). While confronting the internal struggle of his nation, the young king must come to terms with the opportunity for the deep resources of Wakanda to be afforded to the needs of the world.
The release of Black Panther opens the world to a new landscape for Marvel to cast its influence with an African in the lead role. The film also proves to be an excellent introduction to the world of one of the most exciting directors in Hollywood, Ryan Coogler (Creed). He has a short, but strong track record as a director and manages to maintain his form with the biggest budget and studio of his career. With the strength of a fantastic cast like Angela Bassett, Martin Freeman, Forest Whitaker, Lupita Nyong’o and one of the newest superheroes to hit cinemas, this is one of the best Marvel origin stories to date.
What Coogler manages to do is strike a balance between showing the historical importance of this character and still manage to deliver a secure entry into the superhero genre. He manages to capture the proud heritage of Africa and how they have had an impact on the world. Even though Wakanda is a fictional land, this does not take away from the vibrant continent.
The brilliance of the script is how they show strong male and female leads and show the internal struggle of the nation. By keeping racial tensions to a minimal plot point, this film delivers fantastic foes within the strains of the clan conflict but maintains an eye to how this impacts the world. Even though it is confined to the formula of the superhero genre, it does provide a rich atmosphere to build a well-written and wonderfully acted entry into the canon of Marvel.
REEL DIALOGUE: What are some of the bigger questions to consider from this film?
What is the deal with everyone having Daddy issues? There is nothing quite like the love of a parent. Even in the worst of experiences, the love, support and hug from your father or mother should have a soothing effect on your very existence. It is hard to imagine that this could be depicted in a superhero film, but it is all over Black Panther. The death of T’Challa’s father provides a glimpse into the value of family, but at the heart of this story is the essential need for the love and acceptance of a parent. This relationship can come in the form of blood relations, a blended family or through adoption and shows that no price can be put on the importance of parents in the life of a child. Have you told your parents how much they mean to you today?
Questions
1. What is sacrificial love? (John 15:13, Ephesians 5:25)
2. What should we do in difficult times? (John 16:33, Philippians 4:6-7)
3. What does the Bible say about family? (John 15:12-17)
Marvel’s kingdom of Wakanda may be mythical, but its inhabitants will use a very real language. The on-screen spoken language of the kingdom of Wakanda is isiXhosa, the melodic South African language known for its distinctive clicks. It’s one of the way the much anticipatedBlack Panther film is trying to ensure its authenticity as it skirts premature accusations of appropriation.
Tony Award-winning South African actor John Kani plays the first Black Panther and old king of Wakanda, T’Chaka. In the Marvel Studios film, Chadwick Boseman’s T’Challa takes over the most technologically advanced yet isolated African kingdom after his father is killed.
“There are words used to indicate that those people’s indigenous language is not English,” said Kani. “But you know this is an American major blockbuster, therefore it will be 99.9% English. However, you’ll hear some isiXhosa words being dropped.”
With the line, “I miss you my son, I haven’t seen you in a long time,” Kani introduced isiXhosa into the film’s script, he told journalists at the film’s world premiere in Los Angeles on Jan 29.
It will be a brief moment in the entirety of the film, but one that Kani sees as part of a larger opportunity to “introduce the different African, an African that is a global figure,” he told Variety.
IsiXhosa is an Nguni language (the same family of languages as isiZulu and siSwati) spoken mainly in South Africa’s Eastern and Western Cape provinces and is the second largest cultural group in the country. It became the official language of Wakanda in Captain America: Civil War, which introduced film audiences to Boseman’s Black Panther, as well as his father played by Kani.
“I asked the directors ‘Why am I speaking English to my son?’ We are supposed to be from Africa,’” Kani said he told Captain America directors Joe and Anthony Russo.
In Black Panther, director Ryan Coogler described the moment you hear a father and son on screen speaking a real African language in a Hollywood blockbuster as “emotionally moving.” Kani worked with Coogler to make sure the moment felt authentic, also playing the role of language consultant.
In the storyline, the flashbacks between T’Chaka and T’Challa flesh out the burden the young now carries as he also grieves for his father. The film, however, has the added burden of the expectations of audiences who have placed great significance on a black superhero set in an Africa that defies stereotypes.
*Wamkelekile kuWakanda: Welcome to Wakanda
Black Panther | |
---|---|
Publication information | |
Publisher | Marvel Comics |
First appearance | Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966) |
Created by | Stan Lee Jack Kirby |
In-story information | |
Full name | T'Challa |
Place of origin | Wakanda, Africa |
Team affiliations | |
Partnerships | Storm Shuri |
Notable aliases | King of the Dead Mr. Okonkwo |
Abilities |
|
Black Panther is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Jack Kirby, first appearing in Fantastic Four #52 (cover-dated July 1966) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Black Panther's real name is T'Challa, king and protector of the fictional African nation of Wakanda. Along with possessing enhanced abilities achieved through ancient Wakandan rituals of drinking the essence of the heart-shaped herb, T'Challa also relies on his proficiency in science, rigorous physical training, hand-to-hand combat skills, and access to wealth and advanced Wakandan technology to combat his enemies.
Black Panther is the first superhero of African descent in mainstream American comics, having debuted years before early black superheroes such as Marvel Comics' the Falcon (1969), Luke Cage (1972) and Blade (1973) or DC Comics' John Stewart in the role of Green Lantern (1971). In one comic book storyline, the Black Panther mantle is handled by Kasper Cole, a multiracial New York Citypolice officer. Beginning as an impersonator, Cole would later take on the moniker of White Tiger and become an ally to T'Challa. The role of Black Panther and leadership of Wakanda is also given to T'Challa's sister Shuri for a short time.
Black Panther has made numerous appearances in various television shows, animated films and video games. Chadwick Boseman portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).
In 2011, Black Panther was ranked 51st overall on IGN's 'Top 100 Comic Books Heroes' list.[1]
- 1Concept and creation
- 2Fictional character biography
- 4Other Black Panthers
- 6Reception
- 7Other versions
- 8In other media
- 8.2Film
- 9Collected editions
Concept and creation[edit]
Name[edit]
The Black Panther's name predates the October 1966 founding of the Black Panther Party, though not the black panther logo of the party's predecessor, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), nor the segregatedWorld War IIBlack Panthers Tank Battalion.[2][3] Stan Lee, co-creator of the comic, denied that the comic, which pre-dates the political usage of the term, was, or could have been, named after any of the political uses of the term 'black panther', including the LCFO, citing 'a strange coincidence'.[4] He is the first black superhero in American mainstream comic books; very few black heroes were created before him, and none with actual superpowers. These included the characters in the single-issue, low-distribution All-Negro Comics #1 (1947); Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who starred in his own feature in the omnibus title Jungle Tales, from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics; and the Dell ComicsWestern character Lobo, the first black person to star in his own comic book. Previous non-caricatured black supporting characters in comics include U.S. Armyinfantry private Gabriel Jones of Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos.
In a guest appearance in Fantastic Four #119 (Feb. 1972), the Black Panther briefly tried using the name Black Leopard to avoid connotations with the Party, but the new name did not last.[5] The character's name was changed back to Black Panther in Avengers #105, with T'Challa explaining that renaming himself made as much sense as altering the Scarlet Witch's name, and he is not a stereotype.[6]
Co-creator Stan Lee recounted that the name was inspired by a pulp adventure hero who has a black panther as a helper.[7] Jack Kirby's original concept art for Black Panther used the concept name Coal Tiger.[8] Influences on the character included historical figures such as 14th-century Mali Empire sultan Mansa Musa and 20th-century Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey, as well as Biblical figures such as Ham and Canaan.[9]
Publication history[edit]
Following his debut in Fantastic Four #52–53 (July–Aug. 1966) and subsequent guest appearance in Fantastic Four Annual #5 (1967) and with Captain America in Tales of Suspense #97–100 (Jan.– April 1968), the Black Panther journeyed from the fictional African nation of Wakanda to New York City to join the titular American superhero team in The Avengers #52 (May 1968), appearing in that comic for the next few years. During his time with the Avengers, he made solo guest-appearances in three issues of Daredevil, and fought Doctor Doom in Astonishing Tales #6–7 (June & Aug. 1971), in that supervillain's short-lived starring feature.
He received his first starring feature with Jungle Action #5 (July 1973), a reprint of the Panther-centric story in The Avengers #62 (March 1969). A new series began running the following issue, written by Don McGregor, with art by pencilersRich Buckler, Gil Kane, and Billy Graham, and which gave inkers Klaus Janson and Bob McLeod some of their first professional exposure. The critically acclaimed[10] series ran in Jungle Action #6–24 (Sept. 1973 – Nov. 1976).[11]
One now-common format McGregor pioneered was that of the self-contained, multi-issue story arc.[12] The first, 'Panther's Rage', ran through the first 13 issues. Critic Jason Sacks has called the arc 'Marvel's first graphic novel':
[T]here were real character arcs in Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four [comics] over time. But .. 'Panther's Rage' is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel. Running in two years' issues of Jungle Action (#s 6 through 18), 'Panther's Rage' is a 200-page novel that journeys to the heart of the African nation of Wakanda, a nation ravaged by a revolution against its king, T'Challa, the Black Panther.[12]
The second and final arc, 'Panther vs. the Klan', ran as mostly 17-page stories in Jungle Action #19–24 (Jan.–Nov. 1976), except for issue #23, a reprint of Daredevil #69 (Oct. 1970), in which the Black Panther guest-starred.[11] The subject matter of the Ku Klux Klan was considered controversial in the Marvel offices at the time, creating difficulties for the creative team.[13]
African-American writer-editor Dwayne McDuffie said of the Jungle Action 'Black Panther' feature:
This overlooked and underrated classic is arguably the most tightly written multi-part superhero epic ever. If you can get your hands on it .. sit down and read the whole thing. It's damn-near flawless, every issue, every scene, a functional, necessary part of the whole. Okay, now go back and read any individual issue. You'll find seamlessly integrated words and pictures; clearly introduced characters and situations; a concise (sometimes even transparent) recap; beautifully developed character relationships; at least one cool new villain; a stunning action set piece to test our hero's skills and resolve; and a story that is always moving forward towards a definite and satisfying conclusion. That's what we should all be delivering, every single month. Don [McGregor] and company did it in only 17 story pages per issue.[10]
Though popular with college students, the overall sales of Jungle Action were low,[14] and Marvel relaunched the Black Panther in a self-titled series, bringing in the character's co-creator Jack Kirby—newly returned to Marvel after having decamped to rival DC Comics for a time—as writer, penciler, and editor. However, Kirby wanted to work on new characters and was unhappy at being assigned a series starring a character he had already worked with extensively.[15] He left the series after only 12 issues and was replaced by Ed Hannigan (writer), Jerry Bingham (penciler), and Roger Stern (editor). Black Panther ran 15 issues (Jan. 1977 – May 1979).[16] Due to the series's cancellation, the contents of what would have been Black Panther #16–18 were published in Marvel Premiere #51–53.
A four-issue miniseries, Black Panther vol. 2,[17] (July–Oct. 1988) was written by Peter B. Gillis and penciled by Denys Cowan.[18] McGregor revisited his Panther saga with Gene Colan in 'Panther's Quest', published as 25 eight-page installments within the bi-weekly anthology series Marvel Comics Presents (issues #13–37, Feb.–Dec. 1989).[19] He later teamed with artist Dwayne Turner in the square-bound miniseries Black Panther: Panther's Prey (Sept. 1990 – March 1991).[20] McGregor conceived a fifth arc in his Black Panther saga, titled 'Panther's Vows', but it failed to get off the ground.[14]
Writer Christopher Priest's and penciller Mark Texeira's 1998 series The Black Panther vol. 3 used Erik Killmonger, Venomm, and other characters introduced in 'Panther's Rage', together with new characters such as State Department attorney Everett Ross; the Black Panther's adopted brother, Hunter; and the Panther's protégé, Queen Divine Justice. The Priest-Texeira series was under the Marvel Knights imprint in its first year. Priest said the creation of character Ross contributed heavily to his decision to write the series. 'I realized I could use Ross to bridge the gap between the African culture that the Black Panther mythos is steeped in and the predominantly white readership that Marvel sells to,' adding that in his opinion, the Black Panther had been misused in the years after his creation.[21]
The last 13 issues (#50–62) saw the main character replaced by a multiracialNew York City police officer named Kasper Cole, with T'Challa relegated to a supporting character. This Black Panther, who became the White Tiger, was placed in the series The Crew, running concurrently with the final few Black Panther issues. The Crew was canceled with issue #7.
In 2005, Marvel began publishing Black Panther vol. 4,[22] which ran 41 issues (April 2005 – Nov. 2008).[23] It was initially written by filmmaker Reginald Hudlin (through issue #38) and penciled by John Romita, Jr. (through #6). Hudlin said he wanted to add 'street cred' to the title, although he noted that the book was not necessarily or primarily geared toward an African-American readership.[24] As influences for his characterization of the character, Hudlin has cited comic character Batman, film director Spike Lee, and music artist Sean Combs.[24]
Black Panther vol. 5[25] launched in February 2009, with Hudlin, again scripting, introducing a successor Black Panther, T'Challa's sister Shuri.[26][27][28] Hudlin co-wrote issue #7 with Jonathan Maberry, who then became the new writer,[29] joined by artist Will Conrad.[30] The Panther was also a featured player, with members of the Fantastic Four and the X-Men, in the Doctor Doom-based, six-issue miniseries Doomwar (April–Sept. 2010).[31]
T'Challa then accepted an invitation from Matt Murdock, the superhero Daredevil, to become the new protector of New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood. He became the lead character in Daredevil beginning with issue #513 (Feb. 2011), when that series was retitled Black Panther: The Man Without Fear.[32] Under writer David Liss and artist Francesco Francavilla, he took on the identity of Mr. Okonkwo, an immigrant from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and becomes the owner of a small diner in order to be close to the people.[33]
A new Black Panther series written by Ta-Nehisi Coates and drawn by Brian Stelfreeze was launched in 2016 and continues to be published with Coates as the head writer.[34][35][36]
In 2017, the afrofuturist writer Nnedi Okorafor wrote the series Black Panther: Long Live the King.[37]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Early life and background[edit]
The Black Panther is the ceremonial title given to the chief of the Panther Tribe of the advanced African nation of Wakanda. In addition to ruling the country, he is also chief of its various tribes (collectively referred to as the Wakandas). The Panther habit is a symbol of office (head of state) and is used even during diplomatic missions. The Panther is a hereditary title, but one must still earn it.
In the distant past, a meteorite made of the (fictional) vibration-absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda, and was unearthed. Reasoning that outsiders would exploit Wakanda for this valuable resource, the ruler, King T'Chaka, like his father and other Panthers before him, concealed his country from the outside world. T'Chaka's first wife N'Yami died while in labor with T'Challa, and his second wife Ramonda was taken prisoner by Anton Pretorius during a visit to her homeland of South Africa, so for most of his childhood T'Challa was raised by his father alone.[38] T'Chaka was murdered by the adventurer Ulysses Klaw in an attempt to seize the vibranium mound. With his people still in danger, a young T'Challa used Klaw's sound weapon on Klaw and his men, shattering Klaw's right hand and forcing him to flee.[39]
T'Challa was next in line to be the king of Wakanda and Black Panther, but until he was ready to become the leader of the nation, his uncle S'yan (T'Chaka's younger brother) successfully passed the trials to become the Black Panther. While on his Wakandan walkaboutrite of passage, T'Challa met and fell in love with apparent orphaned teen Ororo Munroe, who would grow up to become the X-Men member Storm.[40] The two broke off their relationship due to his desire to avenge his father's death and to become the type of man who could suitably lead Wakanda, but they would see each other over the years when they could.
T'Challa earned the title and attributes of the Black Panther by defeating the various champions of the Wakandan tribes. One of his first acts was to disband and exile the Hatut Zeraze—the Wakandan secret police—and its leader, his adopted brother Hunter the White Wolf.[41] He sold off small portions of vibranium to scientific institutions around the world, amassing a fortune which he used to arm himself with advanced technology.[39] Later, to keep peace, he picked dora milaje ('adored ones') from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives-in-training. He then studied abroad for a time before returning to his kingship.
In his first published appearance, the now-adult T'Challa invites the American superhero team the Fantastic Four to Wakanda, then attacks and attempts to neutralize them individually in order to test himself to see if he is ready to battle Klaw, who had replaced his shattered right hand with a sonic weapon.[42][43] For their part, the Four manage to rally and stymie T'Challa in a team counter-attack, enabling the impressed King to stand down and explain himself to the team's satisfaction. After the ruler makes proper amends to the Four, they befriend and help T'Challa, and he in turn aids them against the supervillain the Psycho-Man.[44] T'Challa later joins the Avengers,[45] beginning a long association with that superhero team. He first battles the Man-Ape while with the group,[46] and then meets the American singer Monica Lynne,[47] with whom he becomes romantically involved. He helps the Avengers defeat the second Sons of the Serpent, and then reveals his true identity on American television.[48] He encounters Daredevil, and reveals to him that he had deduced Daredevil's true identity.[49]
Return to Wakanda[edit]
After receiving numerous urgent official letters requesting him to return to his increasingly troubled homeland,[50] the Panther eventually leaves his active Avengers membership to return to a Wakanda on the brink of civil war, bringing Lynne with him. After defeating would-be usurper Erik Killmonger and his minions,[51] the Panther ventures to the American South to battle the Ku Klux Klan.[52] He later gains possession of the mystical time-shifting artifacts known as King Solomon's Frogs.[53] These produce an alternate version of T'Challa from a future 10 years hence, a merry, telepathic Panther with a terminal brain aneurysm, whom T'Challa places in cryogenic stasis.[volume & issue needed]
Later, while searching for and finding his stepmother Ramonda, the Panther contends with South African authorities during Apartheid.[54] T'Challa eventually proposes and becomes engaged to Monica Lynne,[55] though the couple never marry.
Years later, the Panther accepts a Washington, D.C. envoy, Everett K. Ross, and faces multiple threats to Wakanda's sovereignty. Ross assists him in many of these threats. In gratitude, the Panther often risks much for Ross in return. The first threat he and Ross encounter is 'Xcon', an alliance of rogue intelligence agents backing a coup led by the Reverend Achebe.[56] Afterward, Killmonger resurfaces with a plot to destroy Wakanda's economy. This forces T'Challa to nationalize foreign companies.[57] Killmonger then defeats him in ritual combat, thus inheriting the role of Black Panther,[58] but falls into a coma upon eating the heart-shaped herb—poisonous to anyone outside the royal bloodline, which had a hereditary immunity to its toxic effects.[59] T'Challa preserves his rival's life rather than allowing him to die.
Later, T'Challa finds he has a brain aneurysm like his alternate future self, and succumbs to instability and hallucinations. After his mental state almost causes tribal warfare, the Panther hands power to his council[60] and hides in New York City. There he mentors police officer Kasper Cole (who had adopted an abandoned Panther costume), an experience that gives T'Challa the strength to face his illness, reclaim his position, and return to active membership in the Avengers, whom he helps secure special United Nations status.
Marriage and passing the mantle[edit]
T'Challa recounts the story of his ascension as the Black Panther in the fourth volume of his eponymous comic book series. He defeated his uncle during the Black Panther celebration,[61] and during his walkabout when he met and fell in love with a street urchin named Ororo in Cairo, Egypt.[62] Unbeknownst to him the US government is planning a coup in order to get access to the vibranium. They allow Klaw to recruit a team of villains in order to support his totalitarian neighbor, Niganda. Klaw recruits Rhino, Black Knight, Batroc the Leaper, and Radioactive Man to lead the invasion. The US government then deploys an army of Deathloks to 'support' T'Challa and justify an invasion, but T'Challa kills Klaw and Storm wipes out the Deathlok army in a hurricane.[63]
T'Challa then helps his old flame Ororo Munroe reunite with her surviving family members in Africa and the U.S.[64] He shortly afterward proposes,[volume & issue needed] and the two are married in a large Wakandan ceremony attended by many superheroes.[65] One of the couple's first tasks is to embark on a diplomatic tour, in which they visit the Inhumans, Doctor Doom, the President of the United States, and Namor, with only the last one ending well.[66] After the death of Bill Foster, the Black Panther and Storm side with Captain America's anti-registration forces.[67] During the end battle between both sides, the Wakandan embassy in Manhattan is heavily damaged, though no Wakandans are hurt.[68] After the confrontation, the Panther and Storm briefly fill in for vacationing Fantastic Four members Reed and Sue Richards before returning to Wakanda.[69]
Upon returning to Wakanda alone, leaving Storm in New York to aid the X-Men, Black Panther faces Erik Killmonger, defeating him with assistance from Monica Rambeau (a.k.a. Pulsar).[70] Afterward, Wakanda fends off the alien shapeshifters the Skrulls, who had infiltrated as part of their 'Secret Invasion' plan to conquer Earth.[71] Prince Namor attempts to recruit T'Challa for the Cabal, a secret council of supervillains. Attacked by the forces of fellow Cabal member Doctor Doom, T'Challa is left comatose.[72] His sister Shuri is trained as the next Panther, with the mantle passing onto her officially after T'Challa awakens from his coma and attempts to recover from his injuries.[73]
In the aftermath, T'Challa loses all of his enhanced attributes given to him by being the panther totem. As a result, he works with his sorcerer, Zawavari, to accumulate a replacement.[74] He has since made a pact with another unknown Panther deity, returning his attributes to an even higher level as well as placing incantations on his body, making himself highly resistant to most magic and mystic assaults. This has all been done in preparation for the imminent battle with Doctor Doom,[75] which culminated in T'Challa rendering all of the processed vibranium inert to give his people a chance to rebuild without their dependence on the element.[76]
The Man Without Fear[edit]
After the events of 'Shadowland', Matt Murdock (the superhero Daredevil) asks T'Challa to replace him as guardian of Hell's Kitchen, which gives T'Challa a chance to discover himself. With the help of Foggy Nelson, T'Challa assumes the identity of Mr. Okonkwo, an immigrant from the Congo and manager of a diner called Devil's Kitchen, so that he can blend in and learn about the denizens as an ordinary man. He gets on well with two of the Kitchen's staff: Sofija, a migrant from Serbia who was formerly involved in violent Serbian nationalism, and the busboy, Brian. He also gets to know some of the neighbors from his apartment block: Mr. Nantakarn and his son Alec, as well as Iris, a social worker assigned to handle cases of child abuse.[77]
T'Challa finds himself up against an ambitious new crime lord, Vlad Dinu, who styles himself 'The Impaler'. He also seeks an understanding with the police through Detective Alex Kurtz. During an attempt by Vlad to terminate the Panther, Brian from the Devil's Kitchen is seriously injured by an energy blast from Vlad, and is reported dead. The conflict between Vlad and the Panther becomes more personal, especially after Vlad discovers the Panther over his wife Angela dead from a gunshot wound.[77]
T'Challa learns that Iris was the serial shooter who killed abusers of children—Gabe was abused secretly by Angela. Brian was kidnapped by his doctor, Dr. Holman, at the behest of Nicolae who wanted to use someone who received a dose of Vlad's power. After being subjected to torturous experiments, Brian lost the ability to think for himself but was rescued by Gabe who also stole the serum produced from the experiment meant to endow the recipient with Vlad's powers. The Panther obtains evidence of Vlad Dinu's crimes as well as clues to Iris as the serial shooter, and turns the evidence over to Kurtz. Vlad kills his own son Nicolae before being subdued by the Panther. Gabe is arrested for attempting to take Iris' life. Before being taken away, Gabe reveals to the Panther Brian's fate. Though aware of the Panther's identity as Mr. Okonkwo, both Iris and Sofija promise to keep silent.[77]
Wakanda again[edit]
Shortly after Daredevil returns to Hell's Kitchen, T'Challa returns to Wakanda, serving as a second to his sister, Shuri. In preparation for an upcoming attack on Wakanda as part of the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, the Panther God returns T'Challa's abilities.[78] Empowered by the Phoenix, Namor destroys Wakanda with a massive tidal wave.[79] Returning to help, Storm is stunned when the Panther informs her that their marriage has been annulled.[80]
Incursions[edit]
After witnessing an alternate Earth over Wakanda being destroyed by the Black Swan, T'Challa reforms the Illuminati—with Beast replacing the now-deceased Charles Xavier—to confront the threat of the Incursions, parallel universes colliding with each other to the destruction of both. Although able to avert one Incursion with the Infinity Gauntlet, the subsequent destruction of the Infinity Gems forces the group to decide to resort to more questionable measures to protect Earth from future Incursions, wiping Captain America's mind so that he will not remember these events, allowing them to do 'what needs to be done'.[81] Although equipped with planet-destroying weapons to protect Earth, the Illuminati mostly become disgusted with the wholesale slaughter, until Namor breaks off from the group to form a new Cabal of villains to do what the heroes will not. Despite Namor's Cabal achieving legitimacy as Earth's protectors, Namor grew weary of the wholesale slaughter they carried out in the name of preserving their universe. Although he collaborated with the Illuminati in a plan to destroy the Cabal by trapping them on the next Earth to be destroyed, Black Panther and Black Bolt left him behind to die with the Cabal, disgusted at his earlier actions,[82] although Namor and the Cabal escape to the Ultimate universe when the other Earth has a simultaneous Incursion.[83]
Secret Wars[edit]
When the final Incursion occurs during the 2015 'Secret Wars' storyline, resulting in all realities collapsing into one Earth, Black Panther is one of the few heroes to survive the Incursion in a specially-designed 'life pod'—other survivors including Mister Fantastic, Star-Lord, Spider-Man, the new Thor, Captain Marvel and a Phoenix-enhanced Cyclops—although they are only released into the new world after an eight-year stasis. Retrieved by Doctor Strange, they learn that Strange has assumed a role of 'sheriff' to Doctor Doom, who has appointed himself the god of the new 'Battleworld' created from the multiple realities.[84] Although Doom effortlessly kills Cyclops, Strange protects the other heroes by dispersing them across Battleworld,[85] with T'Challa and Namor eventually discovering a new version of the Infinity Gauntlet that Strange collected, ensuring that the Gems he found would work in the location where Doom built his main fortress.[86] Recruiting the residents of the deadlands as an army, T'Challa marches on Doom at the same time as multiple other areas rebel against him through the encouragement of the heroes,[87] but admits when Doom confronts him that he was only intended as a distraction while Reed targets Doom's power source. As Reed takes Doom's power and sets out to rebuild the multiverse, T'Challa uses the Time Gem to take himself back to Wakanda before the Incursions, proclaiming to his people that they will lead the way to the stars and explore new ideas.[88]
All-New, All-Different Marvel[edit]
As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel, Black Panther is a member of the Ultimates.[89]
During the 2016 'Civil War II' storyline, Black Panther represents Wakanda on the Alpha Flight Space Program's Board of Governors.[90] He sides with Captain Marvel on needing help from an Inhuman who can predict the possible future named Ulysses Kain.[volume & issue needed] Black Panther and Shuri take part in the fight against the Leviathon Tide.[91]
During Hydra's reign over America led by Arnim Zola, Baron Zemo and Steve Rogers, Panther is captured for opposing this regime, and brought into a containing room. Once Panther and Zemo are alone, Winter Soldier rescues Panther. Panther entrusts the unconscious Zemo to Winter Soldier, while trailing Rogers and Zola into the secret lab. Panther finds out that Zola infused a brainwashed Captain America with a Cosmic Cube using a stolen Stark tech modified by Zola himself, and warns his allies to retreat from a Cosmic Cube-powered Steve Rogers, but is too late.[92] Even though one of the heroes knows they cannot defeat a Cosmic Cube-powered Supreme Hydra Rogers, Winter Soldier, Captain America (Sam Wilson) and Ant-Man (Scott Lang) trick Rogers by surrendering the last fragment of the cube to him. Winter Soldier and Ant-Man steal the cube from Rogers before he uses its full potential, and bring back Kobik and the real Steve Rogers.[93][94] After the defeat of Supreme Hydra Steve Rogers, Black Panther establishes his quest to go across the universe with his people, and found an Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda on Planet Bast, located in the Benhazin Star System.[95]
Powers and abilities[edit]
The title 'Black Panther' is a rank of office, chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan. As chieftain, the Panther is entitled to consume a special heart-shaped herb which, in addition to his mystical, shamanistic connection with the Wakandan Panther God Bast, grants him superhumanly acute senses, enhanced strength, speed, agility, stamina, durability, healing, and reflexes.[96][97]
He has since lost this connection and forged a new one with another unknown Panther deity, granting him augmented physical attributes as well as a resistance to magic.[75] His senses are so powerful that he can pick up a prey's scent and memorize tens of thousands of individual ones. Following his war with Doom, T'Challa loses his enhanced abilities only to once again establish a connection with the Panther God.[78] In addition to the resurgence of his now superhuman abilities, he is anointed 'King of the Dead', granting him the power and knowledge of all the past Black Panthers as well as the ability to control the Undead.[98] After Battleworld and the resurgence of the Multiverse T'challa eventually showcased new powers in regards to his King of the Dead status, for not only could he reanimate the dead but summon departed spirits into the physical world with tangible form as well. Using these spiritual energies also enables him to conjure a mystical spear of glowing blue energy to his hand.[99]
T'Challa worked with his sorcerer, Zawavari, to endow T'Challa with immunity to mystical attacks and detection in order to defeat Dr. Doom. When T'Challa's alchemical upgrade was tested by means of Wakanda's most powerful acolytes attacking T'Challa in unison, each mystical attack was absorbed and only served to strengthen T'Challa. During these preparations, T'Challa invented a potent mystical-scientific hybrid art called 'shadow physics' and was able to use it to craft shadow weapons and to track vibranium on a quantum level.[75]
As king of Wakanda, the Panther has access to a vast collection of magical artifacts, advanced Wakandan technological and military hardware, and the support of his nation's wide array of scientists, warriors, and mystics. The Wakandan military has been described as one of the most powerful on Earth. His attire is the sacred vibranium costume of the Wakandan Panther Cult.
He is a skilled hunter, tracker, strategist, politician, inventor, and scientist. He has a PhD in physics from Oxford University. He is proficient in physics and advanced technology, and is also an inventor. T'Challa has been granted the strength and knowledge of every past Black Panther.[78]
T'Challa is rigorously trained in acrobatics and hand-to-hand combat. He is skilled in various forms of unarmed combat, with a unique hybrid fighting style that incorporates acrobatics and aspects of animal mimicry.[100]
The chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan is one of the wealthiest people in the world, although financial estimates are difficult given Wakanda's isolation from the world's economy and the uncertain value of Wakanda's vast vibranium reserves and extremely advanced technologies.[101]
In Black Panther volume 3, writer Christopher Priest expanded the Panther's day-to-day arsenal to include equipment such as an 'energy dagger', a vibranium-weave suit, and a portable supercomputer, the 'Kimoyo card'.[102] In Black Panther volume 4, writer Reginald Hudlin introduced such specialized equipment as 'thrice-blessed armor' and 'light armor' for specific tasks,[103] and for a short while outfitted him with the Ebony Blade of the Black Knight.[104]
Other Black Panthers[edit]
The mantle of the Black Panther is passed down from generation to generation among the rulers of Wakanda[105] although it must still be deserved through a severe selection involving the best warriors of the nation.
Black Panther 1,000,000 B.C.[edit]
This Black Panther appeared for the first time in Marvel Legacy #1 (November, 2017). This Black Panther is part of the Avengers in 1,000,000 B.C. with also consisted of Agamotto, Lady Phoenix, Odin, and prehistoric versions of Ghost Rider, Iron Fist, and Star Brand. The Stone Age Avengers defeated the Fallen and sealed it underground in what would become South Africa.[106]
Bashenga[edit]
Bashenga appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 1 #7 (January 1978) by Jack Kirby (scripts and drawings). Wise warrior at the head of the Panther Tribe, according to legends, during the tumult where the vibranium meteorite fell on the soil of the village, then composed of various warring clans, he gathered all the aforementioned under his guide to defeating the inhabitants transformed by the impact into fierce 'demonic spirits', a company which has unified the nation by founding Wakanda and becoming its first ruler[107] and the first to obtain the title of 'Black Panther' as it tells of his 'spiritual connection' with the Goddess Pantera Bast that led to the foundation of the Cult of the Panther.[105]
Chanda[edit]
Chanda appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Unlimited Vol. 1 #1 (March 1993) by Roy Thomas (scripts) and Herb Trimpe (drawings). Black Panther and ruler of Wakanda during the Second World War, Chanda is the husband of Nanali and father of T'Chaka and S'Yan; distinguished by an excessively good and compassionate nature, he welcomed the Nazi colonel Fritz Klaue after he crashed into his reign due to a plane crash. Over time, the two make a kind of friendship and Klaue develops a strong obsession with the culture of Wakanda coming to try to convince them to make their religion deist rather than spiritist, which causes a strong friction between him and Chanda culminating in the death of Nanali by the Nazi and in its subsequent expulsion from the country.[108]
In several subsequent stories, T'Chaka's father (and husband of Nanali) is called Azzuri the Wise and is presented in a completely different way from Chanda,[109][110] leaving the doubt if it is only a sort of nickname or another character.
T'Chaka[edit]
T'Chaka appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Vol. 1 #53 (August 1966) by Stan Lee (script) and Jack Kirby (art). The eldest son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali, T'Chaka inherits the throne and the title of the Black Panther on his father's death by being helped in his monarch duties by his younger brother and trusted adviser S'Yan.[111] After having married a woman named N'Yami, believing she can not have children, she adopts a child with her, Hunter, however, she later becomes pregnant and dies giving birth to her first child, T'Challa; from the relationship with a woman of another tribe T'Chaka then has a second son, Jakarra, and finally remarries with Ramonda, a woman who grows her children as her own and from whom she has her only daughter, Shuri,[111] but which subsequently disappears into nothingness, leading him to believe that he has abandoned it.[38] To protect the kingdom, T'Chaka instituted a policy of strong isolationism,[112] but in the course of his life he often collaborated with agents of the US government.[110][113] He is killed by Ulysses Klaw after having surprised him to illegally extract vibranium in his kingdom.[114]
Erik Killmonger / N'Jadaka[edit]
In Black Panther Vol. 3 #15 (February 2000), Erik Killmonger challenges and beats T'Challa in a duel for the throne, overthrowing him as king of Wakanda and taking on the role as the Black Panther.[115] He becomes comatose after attempting to ingest the Heart-shaped Herb to acquire the Black Panther's powers, as he is not of royal blood. Killmonger's time as king is short-lived however, as he is killed by Monica Rambeau during T'Challa's attack to reclaim Wakanda.[116]
S'Yan[edit]
S'Yan The Fast first appeared in Black Panther Vol. 4 #2 (May 2005) and was created by Reginald Hudlin and John Romita Jr. The second son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali, S'Yan is T'Chaka's younger and trusted advisor. Although he has no desire to reign, he agrees to ascend the throne after his brother's death until his nephew T'Challa becomes an adult,[111] and becomes one of the most beloved monarchs in the history of Wakanda. When T'Challa returns home and obtains the title of Black Panther, he gladly returns to being a royal adviser.[111] He dies during the war with Latveria defending Ramonda from the soldiers of Doctor Doom.
Shuri[edit]
When T'Challa ends up in a coma because of Doctor Doom,[117] Shuri becomes his substitute as Black Panther and queen of Wakanda which, after the rise of her half-brother to 'king of the dead', creates for the first time in history two avatars of the Panther Goddess.
Enemies[edit]
- Erik Killmonger - Erik Killmonger, born as N'Jadaka, first appeared in Jungle Action (Vol 2) #6 (September 1973). He is a Wakandan native who is exiled from the kingdom after his father N'Jobu was killed by Klaw. N'Jadaka relocates to Harlem, New York, where he takes the name Erik Killmonger, and obtains an Engineering PhD at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[118] Killmonger applies Wakandan technology, tactical knowledge, and combat experience in his pursuit of vengeance on T'Challa for his exile, and on Klaw, for the murder of his father.
- Man-Ape - First appearing in Avengers (Vol 1) #62 (March 1969), M'Baku is the leader of the Jabari people, one of several tribes in Wakanda. With the help of his White Gorilla Cult he plans to overthrow T'Challa and ban the use of all advanced technology in Wakanda, reverting the kingdom to a traditional and archaic age. He has hand-to-hand combat abilities, and acquires superhuman strength and durability after performing a mystic ritual that involves killing and consuming the flesh of a white gorilla.[119]
- Klaw - Ulysses Klaue, also known as Klaw, first appeared in Fantastic Four (Vol 1) #53. A physicist with a deep desire to obtain Vibranium, Klaw is responsible for the murders of T'Challa's father, T'Chaka, and Killmonger's father, N'Jobu. He is capable of transforming his body into a solid construct of living sound, thanks to a Vibranium device. He has a powerful sound-emitting device in place of his right hand, which was severed by T'Challa after witnessing his fathers death. His powers, technology, and genius-level intellect make him a formidable adversary to the Black Panther.[120]
Reception[edit]
Black Panther was ranked the 79th greatest comic book character by Wizard magazine.[121]IGN ranked the character the 51st greatest comic book hero, stating that Black Panther could be considered Marvel's equivalent to Batman;[122] he was also ranked tenth in their list of 'The Top 50 Avengers'.[123] In 2013, ComicsAlliance ranked the Black Panther as #33 on their list of the '50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics'.[124]
Volume 3[edit]
Journalist Joe Gross praised Christopher Priest for his characterization of the Black Panther, stating, that the writer 'turned an underused icon into the locus of a complicated high adventure by taking the Black Panther to his logical conclusion. T'Challa (the title character) is the enigmatic ruler of a technologically advanced, slightly xenophobic African nation, so he acts like it'. Gross applauded the title's 'endless wit, sharp characterization, narrative sophistication and explosive splash panels'.[125]
Comics reviewer and journalist Mike Sangiacomo, however, criticized the narrative structure. 'Christopher Priest's fractured writing is getting on my nerves. Like the Spider-Man comics, I want to like Black Panther, but Priest's deliberately jumbled approach to writing is simply silly. I know it's a style, but does he have to do it every issue?'[126]
Reporter Bill Radford cited similar concerns when the title had just launched. 'I appreciate the notion of seeing the Black Panther through the eyes of an Everyman, but the Panther is almost relegated to secondary status in his own book. And Ross' narration jumps around in time so much that I feel like his boss, who, in trying to get Ross to tell her what has happened, complains: 'This is like watching 'Pulp Fiction' in rewind. My head is exploding.'[127]
Volume 4[edit]
Publishers Weekly gave a negative review to the first arc, 'Who Is the Black Panther?', a modern retelling of the character's origin, saying, 'Hudlin's take is caught between a rock and a hard place. His over-the-top narrative is not likely to appeal to fans of the most recent version of the character, but it's too mired in obscure Marvel continuity to attract the more general reader. The plot manages to be convoluted without ever becoming absorbing'.[128]
Journalist Shawn Jeffords, citing the lack of appearances of the title character in the first issue, called the new series a 'fairly unimpressive launch'. Jeffords also said general-audience unfamiliarity was a hindrance. 'He's never been a marquee character and to make him one will be tough'.[129]
Other versions[edit]
Earth-355[edit]
T'Challa is Coal Tiger, Sersi kills the Avengers and Coal Tiger is the only survivor.[130]
Age of Ultron[edit]
In the 2013 Age of Ultron miniseries, Black Panther contacts the Fantastic Four and informs them that Ultron has invaded Earth with an army of Ultron Sentinels.[131] Black Panther was later seen with Red Hulk and Taskmaster in Chicago spying on some Ultron Sentinels. When Taskmaster takes out a Sentinel that was sneaking up on him, alerting the other Sentinels, Red Hulk holds off the Sentinels while Black Panther and Taskmaster flee. During the mayhem, Black Panther falls several stories and breaks his neck, killing him instantly.[132]
Amalgam Comics[edit]
Bronze Tiger is the ruler of Wakanda and is named B'Nchalla; an amalgamation of the Bronze Tiger (DC) and the Black Panther (Marvel).
Avengers Forever[edit]
In the 1998 - 1999 miniseries Avengers Forever, Captain America and Goliath visit an alternate future timeline where Martian invaders have ravaged the Earth. An aged Black Panther leads this reality's version of the Avengers, who consist of Jocasta, Living Lightning, Killraven, Crimson Dynamo and Thundra.[133]
Civil War[edit]
In an alternate reality where the Civil War between Iron Man and Captain America never ended, Black Panther was killed alongside Maria Hill after activating Prison 42's self-destruct mechanism.[134] He is succeeded by his son, Azari, who takes on the Black Panther name.[135] It is later revealed that the Black Panther who destroyed Prison 42 was actually Queen Veranke of the shape-shifting alien Skrull race, who had stolen T'Challa's identity in order to manipulate and prolong the Civil War to suit her own needs.[136]
Earth-6606[edit]
T'Challa is Chieftain Justice, a Captain Britain Corps member, in Excalibur #44 (1991).[137]
Earth X[edit]
In the alternate universe of Earth X, T'Challa has been affected by the mutative event that drives the plot. Like most of humanity, he is mutated; in this case to become a humanoid black panther. He is entrusted with the Cosmic Cube by Captain America, who knows that T'Challa would be the only one to resist using it and to never give it back if asked. In fact, Captain America does ask for it back and T'Challa is forced to refuse.[138]
Exiles[edit]
An alternate version of Black Panther, called simply 'Panther', is drafted onto the interdimensional superhero team the Exiles. The Panther is the son of T'Challa and Storm and named T'Chaka, after his grandfather. Originating from Earth-1119, he was ambushed by Klaw while examining some ruins. Caught in Klaw's blast, the Panther was plucked out of time and placed on the team. Unlike the stoic 616-Black Panther, The Panther is a wisecracking flirt.[139] After his assumed death on Earth-1119, his sister took up the mantle of Black Panther.[140]
An alternate T'Challa later appears in the third Exiles series. His universe is still in the Wild West, and he goes by King.[141] He is a gunslinger equipped with vibranium clothing and bullets.
Fox Kids[edit]
The Black Panther appears in issues #1 and #6–7 of Marvel Comics/Fox Kids comic book series based on the TV showThe Avengers: United They Stand.
Mangaverse[edit]
T'Challa appears in Marvel Mangaverse Volume 2 as a man with a pet panther. When summoning the spirits, T'Challa and his panther combine to become the Black Panther. He also became The Falcon. This Black Panther found himself the object of affection of the Mangaverse version of Tigra. T'Challa's sister, T'Chana, reveals herself to be this universe's Doctor Doom.[142]
Marvel 2099[edit]
In the Marvel 2099 continuity, a greatly weakened Wakanda is soon to be governed by its princess, Okusana. Fearing that she is not ready, she requests Doom's help in resurrecting Thandaza, her grandfather and a former Black Panther. Doom (who claims to have agreed to the proposal out of respect for T'Challa) and the Wakandan scientists revive Thandaza in a cyberbetic body made from vibranium, but the plan goes awry when Mkhalali, the current Panther Guard, opens fire on Thandaza, believing his resurrection to be an abomination. The attack throws off the calibrations and leaves Thandaza in a maddened state and constant pain, causing him to go on a bloody rampage. Doom is ultimately forced to kill Thandaza, who thanks him for ending his suffering.[143]
Marvel Knights 2099[edit]
Black Panther was featured in the Marvel Knights 2099 one shots, which were not tied to the main 2099 continuity. A new Black Panther, K'Shamba, rose to fight and thwart the mounting invasions by the successor of Doom. While the victory over the new Doom appeared triumphant, the new Wakandan king was ultimately revealed to be a puppet of Doom.[144]
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Marvel Zombies[edit]
Black Panther is, for the most part, one of the few uninfected superheroes in the alternate-universe series Marvel Zombies, where he is kept as a food supply for the Zombie Giant-Man, who keeps the Panther imprisoned and cuts off various limbs so that he can maintain his intelligence via a ready access to fresh meat without infecting Panther with the zombie 'virus'.[145] Despite having lost half of his right arm and his left foot, the Panther escapes—with the severed head of zombified superheroine the Wasp in tow[146]—and joins forces with the mutant group the Acolytes.[147] While with the Acolytes, T'Challa briefly talks with his Earth-616 counterpart, where he expresses surprise at his marriage to Storm but offers him all the information he can provide about the zombie plague.[148] Decades later, T'Challa has married one of the Acolytes, Lisa Hendricks, and they have a son, with Forge having provided T'Challa with artificial limbs to compensate for his injuries.[149] Facing retirement, the Panther is stabbed and critically wounded by an agent of an Acolyte splinter group, and the Wasp— now a willing ally after having lost her zombie hunger— zombifies the Panther in order to grant him continued existence. With the Wasp's help, he survives to the post-hunger stage himself and continues to lead his people, despite his status.[150] Further internal betrayal lead the Black Panther and many of his allies to be tossed through the dimensions.[151] He ends up involved with another Earth that is threatened by the zombie virus. His attempts to save this new planet fail and he is destroyed, leaving only one hand displayed as a trophy by his enemies.[152]
MC2[edit]
In the MC2 universe, Black Panther has a son named T'Chaka II, who joined the A-Next as the Coal Tiger.[153]
Mutant X[edit]
In the Mutant X reality, Black Panther had the appearance of a humanoid black panther. He is among the second wave of heroes who died fighting the Beyonder.[154]
Ultimate Marvel[edit]
In the alternate-realityUltimate Marvelimprint, the Black Panther is T'Challa Udaku, a young man who is experimented on in the Weapon X program before being liberated by Nick Fury.[155]
T'Challa, the younger son of King T'Chaka of Wakanda, is severely injured during the 'Trial of the Panther' from which the protector of the nation is selected. His older brother M'Baku finds T'Challa bloodied, mute, and near death but derisively calls him a fool for attempting the trial. Later, M'Baku adds that he, not T'Challa, should have taken the trial. Angry that his father has decided to share Wakanda's technology in exchange for America's help in saving T'Challa's life, M'Baku leaves the kingdom.
To save T'Challa, T'Chaka turns him over to the Weapon X program. Over a year later, a healthy T'Challa, in his full Black Panther garb, has enhanced speed, strength, night vision, and healing ability. Additionally, he can summon short, cat-like Adamantium claws from his knuckles by balling his hands into fists. T'Chaka becomes outraged upon learning that S.H.I.E.L.D. (who had shut down Weapon X and freed T'Challa) now considers his son an asset of the U.S. and S.H.I.E.L.D. He subsequently sends M'Baku a letter, claiming that M'Baku, not T'Challa, is the titular 'favorite son', and he implores M'Baku to return.
Fury has Captain America train and mentor the Panther, who reveals his damaged throat. Captain America, sympathizing for the Panther's plight, encourages Fury to place the Panther in the superhero team the Ultimates. This turns out to be a ruse in which Captain America impersonates the Panther, allowing T'Challa to escape and return home to Wakanda.[156]
After Ultimatum, Black Panther joins the New Ultimates.[157]
Infinity Warps[edit]
In Infinity Wars, Ghost Rider is fused with Black Panther. Prince of Wakanda T'Challa was an arrogant boy who because of his conflict with his father, he was exiled from his place. He went to America where he found Jericho Simpson who became his new father figure and gave T'Challa a new name as Johnny Blaze. During a stunt performance, he sensed his father T'Chaka dying and got distracted which resulted in his own death. He was then revived by Zarathos, half-sister of Bast and offered him to him powers in exchange of eating souls of sinners. At first he was reluctant, but when battling his father's killers, he accepted the offer and became Ghost Panther and battled Erik Killraven (fusion of Erik Killmonger and Killraven).[158]
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
- Marvel Animation and BET began producing a primetime animated series called Black Panther. Djimon Hounsou was cast as the voice of T'Challa / Black Panther.[159][160] The series is produced in motion comic style.[161] The world premiere of the show was in Australia, on ABC 3 on January 16, 2010. The series premiered online in the US on June 23, 2010,[162] and was released on DVD in the US in January 2011.
- Black Panther appeared in the 'Prey of the Black Panther' episode of the 1994 Fantastic Four animated TV series, voiced by Keith David.[163] He enlists the Fantastic Four to help him save Wakanda from the invasion of Klaw. He makes a cameo appearance in later episode 'Hopelessly Impossible'.
- The Black Panther had a non-speaking cameo in the X-Men TV series.[164]
- In The Avengers: United They Stand, a portrait of the Black Panther hangs in Avengers Mansion in Episode 1. While the Black Panther does not appear in the animated series, he does appear in the comic book series based on the show.[165]
- T'Challa / Black Panther appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman.[166] As seen in 'Panther's Prey', he wears panther-like armor and his father was killed by Moses Magnum. He returns in the episode 'Line of Fire' and the series finale 'The Makluan Invasion' Parts I and II.
- T'Challa / Black Panther appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Taye Diggs.[167] As seen in the episode 'Tremble at the Might of MODOK', he is in a relationship with Storm.
- Black Panther appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by James C. Mathis III.[168] His origin is told in the episode 'The Man in the Ant Hill' where he becomes Black Panther after Man-Ape killed T'Chaka in combat with some unseen help from Klaw. In the episode 'Panther's Quest', he made himself known to the Avengers and joins them. However, in the episode 'Who Do You Trust?', he leaves the team due to his uncertainty of his teammates and his need to protect Wakanda from the Skrulls. He rejoins the team in the episode 'Behold .. The Vision!' after a battle with Vision. He was thought dead in the episode 'Operation Galactic Storm' when he drove a Kree ship into the sun. However, just as the ship is about to crash, Panther uses its teleporter to take him to a Kree ship on the other side of the wormhole. On the Kree ship, he steals a smaller ship, and follows the Avengers down to Hala. Panther rescued Iron Man, Vision, Hawkeye, and Thor from a monster, and helped them free the others. He then travels back to Earth with them.
- T'Challa / Black Panther appears in episode 29 of the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Mahito Ōba. He appears in subsequent episodes as Jessica's 'second hero'.
- Black Panther appears in the Avengers Assemble animated series,[169] with James C. Mathis III reprising the role.[170] Introduced in the show's third season Avengers: Ultron Revolution, T'Challa was first seen speaking before an assembly about Wakanda when Crossbones attacks in order to take out T'Challa. After becoming Black Panther and helping Captain America to take out Crossbones, T'Challa makes off with Captain America's shield claiming that it was stolen property. This leads Captain America to bring Iron Man, Hawkeye, and Thor to Wakanda in order to reclaim it. During the confrontation, Black Panther claims that Howard Stark stole vibranium in order to make Captain America's shield. To make matters worse, Ulysses Klaue appears where he makes off with Captain America's shield upon using a sound attack on the group. Both sides work to find Klaue as Captain America states to Black Panther that T'Chaka gave the vibranium for Stark to make into Captain America's shield. Tracking him to a hideout in the Himalayas, the Avengers and Black Panther engage Klaue in an armor made out of vibranium. With a special tactic, the Avengers and Black Panther were able to knock Klaue out of the armor as Black Panther plans to make Ulysses Klaue answer for his crimes. With Klaue's vibranium armor in Wakandan custody, Black Panther changes his opinion of the Avengers and is offered reserve membership into the group. In the show's fourth season Avengers: Secret Wars, Black Panther becomes the new leader of the All-New, All-Different Avengers (consisting of himself, Captain Marvel, Ant-Man, Wasp, Vision, and Ms. Marvel) after the original team disappears. On July 22, 2017, Marvel renewed Avengers Assemble for a fifth season titled Avengers: Black Panther's Quest centering around T'Challa.[171]
- Avengers: Black Panther's Quest also featured the past Black Panthers like Chanda (renamed 'T'Chanda' and voiced by Corey Jones[172]), an exclusive Black Panther named Yemandi (voiced by Anika Noni Rose[173]), and Bashenga (voiced by Phil LaMarr[174]).
Film[edit]
Live-action[edit]
Chadwick Boseman portrays T'Challa within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, first appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016).[175][176] In the film, he is shown displaying enhanced speed, agility, strength, and durability, which he gains from ingesting the heart-shaped herb, as in the comics.[177] His suit has retractable claws and is made of a vibranium weave, which can deflect heavy machine gun fire and withstand explosive attacks. As of the 2018 film Black Panther, he wears a new variant of the suit that can absorb kinetic energy (represented as purple highlights) and release it as a light purple shockwave after enough energy has been amassed. It can also fold into a silver necklace.
- During the events of Civil War, motivated by revenge for his father's death during the UN signing of the Sokovian Accords in the aftermath of Avengers: Age of Ultron, T'Challa joins Iron Man's faction to oppose Captain America as he is protecting the Winter Soldier who was implicated for the attack. But T'Challa learns the bombing attack was actually arranged by Helmut Zemo to orchestrate his own revenge on the Avengers for inadvertently creating the Sokovia crisis which killed his family. After hearing Zemo's confession as he succeeded in turning Stark and Rogers against each other, T'Challa renounces his revenge while preventing Zemo's suicide and handing him over to Everett K. Ross. T'Challa grants Rogers and Barnes sanctuary in Wakanda while also aiding in the latter's recovery from his Hydra brainwashing.
- Boseman reprises the role in Black Panther (2018).[175][176] By October 2015, Joe Robert Cole was in final negotiations to write the film's script.[178] In January 2016, it was announced that Ryan Coogler had been hired to direct the film,[179] and was later revealed to be co-writing the script with Cole.[180] Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios in Atlanta, Georgia.[181] The film was released on February 16, 2018.[182] During the film's storyline, after completing the ritual of succession, T'Challa finds himself dealing with opposition to his new position from various fronts.
- Boseman appears as Black Panther again in Avengers: Infinity War (2018).[183] In the film, T'Challa (Black Panther), Steve Rogers, Bucky, most of the Avengers, Rocket Raccoon and Groot try to defend Wakanda from the oncoming onslaught of outriders sent by Thanos, who seeks to claim all the Infinity Stones to destroy half of all living creatures in the universe. When his plan succeeds, many of Earth's citizens and the Avengers disintegrate, with Black Panther being among them.
- Boseman reprises the role in Avengers: Endgame.[184] He is revived when Bruce Banner activates the Infinity Stones. He joins the Avengers in their final stand against Thanos and his army at the Avengers compound. After Tony uses the infinity stones to disintegrate Thanos and his army, he is killed and T'Challa attends his funeral.[185]
Animation[edit]
- Black Panther appears in the direct-to-DVD animated feature Ultimate Avengers 2 (2006) as a central character, voiced by Jeffrey D. Sams. Like his father, this version has the ability to turn into a humanoid black panther.
- In the direct-to-DVD film, Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow, T'Challa has a son with Storm named Azari. Black Panther was called one last time to fight with the Avengers against the robot Ultron, but Black Panther did not survive. It is unknown what happened to Storm, for after the Battle with Ultron, Tony Stark (Iron Man) raised Azari along with the children of the fallen members of the Avengers.[186]
- Black Panther appears in the 2014 animated motion comic movie Marvel Knights: Wolverine vs. Sabretooth, voiced by Omari Newton.[170] When Wolverine winds up in Africa, Black Panther and Storm assist him.[187]
- Black Panther appears in the 2018 animated Lego film Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda, voiced again by James C. Mathis III.[188][189]
Web[edit]
In 2016, Disney XD launched on its YouTube channel the motion comic 'Black Panther in .. The Visitor'.[190]
Video games[edit]
- Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Phil LaMarr.[191]
- Black Panther is an NPC in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Tim Russ.[192] He is playable in Vicarious Visions (Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, later also PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC) versions and originally as a downloadable character for PS3 and Xbox 360.[193]
- Black Panther appears as an NPC in Storm's ending for Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.
- Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
- Black Panther is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
- Black Panther was a playable character in the MMORPGMarvel Heroes,[194] voiced by James C. Mathis III.
- Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by John Eric Bentley.
- Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics.
- Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.[195]
- Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Mighty Heroes.[196]
- Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.[197]
- Black Panther is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0.[198]
- The MCU version of Black Panther is a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.[199] He is a DLC character available in the 'Civil War' pack. A DLC pack based on Classic Black Panther was later released for the game. Classic Black Panther appears as the main playable character of the pack along with several other supporting characters and villains and his Skybike.[200]
- Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.[201]
- Black Panther appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite, with James C. Mathis III reprising his role.[202]
- Black Panther appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.[203]
- Black Panther appears as a playable character in Marvel Powers United VR, with James C. Mathis III reprising his role.[170]
- Black Panther appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order.[204]
Novel[edit]
- J. Holland, Jesse. Black Panther: Who is the Black Panther? (2017) ISBN978-1302902674
Role-playing games[edit]
- Black Panther appears in the 1984 role-playing game based on Marvel characters, Marvel Super Heroes. He also appears in all subsequent updates and versions.[205]
Audio serial[edit]
Serial Box Publishing will produce an audio serial starring Black Panther as part of a partnership with Marvel.[206]
Collected editions[edit]
Marvel Masterworks[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Marvel Masterworks: Black Panther Volume 1 | Jungle Action #6–24 | 2010 | 978-0785141990 |
Marvel Masterworks: Black Panther Volume 2 | Black Panther #1–15, Marvel Premiere #51–53, back-up story from Marvel Team-Up #100 | 2016 | 978-1302900205 |
Epic Collections[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther Epic Collection Volume 1: Panther's Rage | Fantastic Four #52–53, Jungle Action #6–24 | 2016 | 978-1302901905 |
Black Panther Epic Collection Volume 2: Revenge of the Black Panther | Black Panther (Vol. 1, 1977) #1-15, Marvel Premiere #51-53, Black Panther (Vol. 2, 1988) #1-4, and material from Marvel Team-Up #100 | 2019 | 978-1302915421 |
Volume 1[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 1 | Black Panther #1–7 | 2005 | 978-0785116875 |
Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 2 | Black Panther #8–13 | 2006 | 978-0785120698 |
Miniseries[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther: Panther's Quest | Material from Marvel Comics Presents #13-37 | 2018 | 978-1302908034 |
Volume 3[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther Vol. 1: The Client | Black Panther Volume 3 #1–5 | 2001 | 978-0785107897 |
Black Panther Vol. 2: Enemy of the State | Black Panther Volume 3 #6–12 | 2002 | 978-0785108290 |
Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 1 | Black Panther vol. 3 #1–17 | 2015 | 978-0785192671 |
Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 2 | Black Panther vol. 3 #18–35, Deadpool Vol. 3 #44 | 2015 | 978-0785198116 |
Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 3 | Black Panther vol. 3 #36–49, #57–58; Incredible Hulk vol. 3 #33; Thor vol. 1 #370 material from Marvel Double-Shot 2 | 2016 | 978-0785195085 |
Black Panther by Christopher Priest: The Complete Collection Volume 4 | Black Panther vol. 3 #50–56, #59–62; The Crew 1–7 | 2016 | 978-1302900588 |
Volume 4[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther: Who is the Black Panther? | Black Panther vol. 4 #1–6 | 2006 | 978-0785120483 |
House of M: World of M Featuring Wolverine | Wolverine vol. 3 #33–35, Black Panther vol. 4 #7, Captain America vol. 5 #10, The Pulse #10. | 2006 | 978-0785119227 |
X-Men/Black Panther: Wild Kingdom | Black Panther vol. 4 #8–9, X-Men vol. 2 #175–176 | 2006 | 978-0785117896 |
Black Panther: Bad Mutha | Black Panther vol. 4 #10–13 | 2006 | 978-0785117506 |
Black Panther: The Bride | Black Panther vol. 4 #14–18 | 2006 | 978-0785121077 |
Black Panther: Civil War | Black Panther vol. 4 #19–25 | 2007 | 978-0785122357 |
Black Panther: Four the Hard Way | Black Panther vol. 4 #26–30 | 2007 | 978-0785126553 |
Black Panther: Little Green Men | Black Panther vol. 4 #31–34 | 2008 | 978-0785126577 |
Black Panther: Back To Africa | Black Panther vol. 4 #35–38, Annual #1 | 2008 | 978-0785124528 |
Black Panther: Secret Invasion | Black Panther vol. 4 #39–41 | 2008 | 978-0785133971 |
Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection Vol. 1 | Black Panther vol. 4 #1–18, X-Men vol. 2 #175–176 | 2017 | 978-1302907716 |
Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection Vol. 2 | Black Panther vol. 4 #19–34, Annual vol. 4 #1 | 2018 | 978-1302909475 |
Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin: The Complete Collection Vol. 3 | Black Panther vol. 4 #35–41, Black Panther vol. 5 #1–6, Black Panther/Captain America: Flags of Our Fathers 1–4, Black Panther Saga | 2018 | 978-1302910358 |
Volume 5[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther: The Deadliest of the Species | Black Panther vol. 5, #1–6 | 2009 | 978-0785133421 |
Black Panther: Power | Black Panther vol. 5, #7–12 | 2010 | 978-0785138617 |
Doomwar | Doomwar #1–6 | 2011 | 978-0785147152 |
Black Panther: Doomwar | Black Panther vol. 5, #7–12, Doomwar #1–6, Klaws of the Panther #1–4, Material from Age of Heroes #4 | 2017 | 978-1302904166 |
The Man Without Fear/The Most Dangerous Man Alive[edit]
Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear: Urban Jungle | Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #513–518 material from the X-Men Curse of the Mutants Spotlight | 2011 | 978-0785145233 |
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear: Fear Itself | Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #519–523, Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive #524 | 2012 | 978-0785152064 |
Black Panther – The Most Dangerous Man Alive: The Kingpin of Wakanda | Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive #523.1, 525–529 | 2012 | 978-0785160373 |
Black Panther: The Man Without Fear – The Complete Collection | Black Panther: The Man Without Fear #513–523, Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive #523.1, 524–529 | 2018 | 978-1302907723 |
Volume 6[edit]
Title | Material collected | Pages | Date Published | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paperback | ||||
A Nation Under Our Feet Book 1 | Black Panther Vol. 6 #1–4, Fantastic Four Vol. 1 #52 | 144 | September 13, 2016 | 978-1302900533 |
A Nation Under Our Feet Book 2 | Black Panther Vol. 6 #5–8 | January 24, 2017 | 978-1302900540 | |
A Nation Under Our Feet Book 3 | Black Panther Vol. 6 #9–12 | April 25, 2017 | 978-1302901912 | |
Book 4: Avengers of the New World Part 1 | Black Panther Vol. 6 #13–18 | November 21, 2017 | 978-1302906498 | |
Book 5: Avengers of the New World Part 2 | Black Panther #166-172 | 136 | June 12, 2018 | 978-1302909888 |
Oversized hardback | ||||
Vol. 1 | Black Panther Vol. 6 #1–12 | 296 | August 15, 2017 | 978-1302904159 |
Vol. 2: Avengers of the New World | Black Panther Vol. 6 #13-18, 166-172 | 264 | November 27, 2018 | 978-1302908959 |
Miscellaneous | ||||
World of Wakanda | Black Panther: World of Wakanda #1–6 | 144 | June 27, 2017 | 978-1302906504 |
Black Panther & the Crew: We Are the Streets | Black Panther & the Crew #1–6 | 136 | October 31, 2017 | 978-1302908324 |
Rise of the Black Panther | Rise of the Black Panther #1-6 | August 14, 2018 | 978-1302908843 |
Volume 7[edit]
Title | Material collected | Pages | Date Published | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|---|
Black Panther Book 6: The Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda Part 1 | Black Panther vol. 7 #1-6 | 136 | February 5, 2019 | 978-1302912932 |
Black Panther Book 7: The Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda Part 2 | Black Panther vol. 7 #7-12 | 136 | August 6, 2019 | 978-1302912949 |
See also[edit]
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- ^'Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite story mode demo out now on PS4 and XB1, trailer shows several new characters'.
- ^Abrams, Natalie (March 28, 2018). 'Drax hilariously takes center stage in new MARVEL Strike Force trailer'.
- ^https://www.marvel.com/articles/games/marvel-ultimate-alliance-3-the-black-order-launches-on-july-19
- ^classicmarvel.com, Aunt Petunia. 'Marvel Heroes Classic Roleplaying Game – Marvel RPG'. classicmarvelforever.com.
- ^Boucher, Geoff; Boucher, Geoff (February 28, 2019). 'Serial Box's New Prize: Marvel's Black Panther, Thor, Black Widow & Jessica Jones In Weekly Content'.
External links[edit]
- Black Panther at the Marvel Universe wiki
- Black Panther at the Marvel Directory
- Black Panther at the Comic Book DB
- Black Panther at Comic Vine
- T'Challa at Marvel Wiki
Over the weekend, the Marvel Cinematic Universe’s latest installment, Black Panther, opened to record box office. It’s something new for Marvel: a movie with a largely black cast, helmed by a black director, and set in a fictional African country, where the vivid art, costume, and makeup designs were all inspired by real-world African tribal traditions. Critical and fan response has been almost universally positive and enthusiastic.
The film is part of a necessary retrenching for Marvel movies. The all-hero battles of Captain America: Civil War, and the galactic adventures of Guardians of the Galaxy 2 and Thor: Ragnorak, are leading up to the Infinity War saga, but for Marvel to keep putting out two or three superhero movies a year, some of them have to drop down to a smaller scale. Like Spider-Man: Homecoming, Black Panther limits the focus to a hero fighting his own local, personal battles: in this case, King T’Challa (Chadwick Boseman), aka the Black Panther, facing a threat to his rule and to his technologically hyper-advanced kingdom of Wakanda. We sat down to discuss the film’s story focus, its look, its frustrating flaws, and its heady successes. Warning: spoilers ahead.
What did you think of the scale of this story?
Chaim: Not only did the smaller scale work for me, I think Black Panther (and hopefully other movies like it) represents the only viable way forward for Marvel. You can only go so much bigger, and the dangerously close-to-overstuffed Avengers: Infinity War, which will feature practically every person who has ever been in one of these films, is more or less it. Bringing the lens in closer and just telling T’Challa’s story, as opposed to the more expanded “the entire fate of the world / galaxy / universe is at stake!” felt right to me.
Tasha: I agree that the lens needs to refocus down to the individual hero level for these stories to continue, and examining the hero of a completely isolated country is a particularly smart way to start. The one place that aspect didn’t really work for me was in the climax, where I just didn’t properly feel the threat coming off this handful of ships flying out of Wakanda, and getting shot down video-game-style by fancied-up drone pilot Martin Freeman. The film worked better for me when it was about the personal stakes of T’Challa’s family and friends not wanting to be ruled by this hostile stranger. The threat to the world felt comparatively abstract. I’m not sure why Marvel still thinks it needs this “threat to the entire world” aspect to give a movie stakes. Black Panther already has plenty of personal stakes before the ships go up.
Chaim: Right, “Oh by the way, if you don’t shoot down these three ships, the world will end” did feel tacked-on, and the threat of the Wakandan War Dogs destabilizing world governments was never tangible enough to be concerning.
Bryan: The ships did feel shoehorned in as if the studio thought they needed to satisfy a certain contingent of Marvel fans with the traditional approach. But that was a small price to pay for a film that didn’t have some mysterious alien creature yet again destroying some planet / world / universe yet again, until our costumed heroes could stop them yet again. (Now that I write that, I’m realizing just how tired I’ve become of the established Marvel movie formula.)
Black Panther worked not just because it was different in scale, but because the stakes were so incredibly personal, with so much modern thematic resonance. Michael B. Jordan’s villain, Erik Killmonger, carries the fury and outrage of slavery. T’Challa struggles with the realization that his own father raised him with lofty ideals, then betrayed them. It’s incredibly easy to relate to the anger and confusion of both characters, and for that reason alone, I was more invested than I’d been in a Marvel film in years. I’ll be a lot happier as a moviegoer if future entries in the franchise learn the lessons Black Panther teaches.
Tasha: One thing I think is fascinating here is that so many MCU heroes are struggling with their own failings: Iron Man with his arrogance, Captain America with the way he failed Bucky, Bruce Banner with his (extremely variable by movie) lack of control over the Hulk, Thor with his pride, and so forth. T’Challa is struggling with his father’s failings instead and trying to figure out what his responsibilities are. Given the film’s deep roots in African nationalism, that “what do we owe our fathers” theme becomes strongly resonant — but it also just feels fresh and daring. Tony Stark certainly has father issues, too, but they don’t cover the fate, purpose, and responsibility of a nation in nearly the same way.
Chaim: T’Challa just has so much more responsibility than most superhero characters. One of the things I think the movie does really well is to remind viewers that he’s also the king of a sovereign nation, with the duties to his people that encompasses. It’s not just a trophy or a chair to be won, the way control of Stark Industries or Wayne Enterprises has been in past superhero films. T’Challa’s rulership really factors into the decisions he’s forced to make about his own destiny and Wakanda’s, right up until the end credits.
Bryan: Not only does he feel responsibility, he’s actually eager to assume a leadership role for his country and people. We’ve grown so used to the reluctant-hero archetype with some of these movies, and it’s incredibly novel to see a hero who actually wants to do something good for all of the right reasons. Black Panther subverts the expectation that righteous heroes are boring, and at the same time, it gives us one of the few superheroes who isn’t a raging narcissist. T’Challa’s ultimate arc in this movie is that he decides to let go of tradition and do what will be right to help the rest of the world. It’s not about grandstanding like Tony Stark or working out his emotional issues by dressing up like a bat. It’s about the notion of honor, and how that can evolve when one steps from a local stage and onto a global one.
The more we talk about it, the more it feels like a minor miracle this movie even exists in the first place.
What did you think of the filmmaking?
Tasha: Speaking of miracles, for me, the film’s biggest miracle is the way Ryan Coogler turned a mainstream superhero blockbuster into an unabashed, joyful expression of the Afrofuturism movement. The costumes, the makeup, the accents, the set design, the worldbuilding. They’re all expressly meant to respect and echo the traditions of existing African peoples, but in a modern way. And it results in a film that looks like nothing else I’ve seen on-screen. My favorite part of it is how Shuri’s tech lab looks like the meeting point between Q’s hangout in a James Bond film, an African folk-art exhibit, and a graffiti-punk bar. I love how this movie looks.
Chaim: Strong visual design has never been one of Marvel’s strong points in the past — even the most out-there films in the MCU are all kind of same-y, at a certain point. Black Panther is the first one in a while that looks new. Ryan Coogler fuses African culture and impossibly advanced technology to give the movie an incredible aesthetic unlike anything I’ve seen before. I’m really hoping some of this design bleeds over to the Wakanda-heavy Infinity War coming up because I definitely need more of it.
Bryan: And what makes it really translate is that it’s not just an aesthetic. It’s an exploration of Wakanda, and the country’s culture, in a way that Marvel really hasn’t even bothered trying before. I hit upon this briefly in our review, but all too often, Marvel focuses on buildings and landscapes when it is taking audiences to other worlds. At best, we might get a throne room with some artwork that reveals some key backstory. (I’m looking at you, Thor: Ragnarok.) But Black Panther is about the culture T’Challa came from, one expressed in art, dress, tradition, dance, and its fantastic technological advancements. The ritual with the heart-shaped herb, the rite of passage at Warrior Falls, the art and design work. These are all explorations of what feels like a living, breathing society. It works on a story level, to be sure — we understand why Wakanda’s isolation and uniqueness are worth protecting — but it’s also just glorious from a visual and dramatic perspective. It’s wonderful that Coogler cared about these elements in his script. It’s even more impressive that he was able to realize them in such a riveting way, visually.
If I had to find fault, though? A lot of the hand-to-hand fighting sequences come across as pretty choppy, in a way that surprised me given Coogler’s work in Creed. And while this isn’t really the filmmaker’s fault, that Black Panther suit does look distractingly computer-generated at times.
Tasha: The combat scenes in Black Panther are a real problem. In my screening, the casino battle, in particular, was blurry enough that it was difficult to follow what was going on whenever the characters were in motion. And given how much the film’s fights are used to define individual characters, having clashes that just turn into fuzzy visual noise is frustrating. That said, I find the specific fight dynamic of Black Panther’s suit so intriguing. We’ve seen other heroes in this universe that can take bullets without flinching, but here we have someone who deliberately takes big hits in order to power himself up to hit back harder. The choreography of those fights can turn him into a sort of living embodiment of rag-doll physics at times, but it says a lot for T’Challa’s intelligence and skills how quickly he intuits and embraces the ways the suit can change his fighting style. The kinetic absorption makes him a more fearless and aggressive fighter because he feels invulnerable. That makes it even more exciting when he has to find a fight venue that will cancel out the suits, so he can get Killmonger to actually take a meaningful hit.
Chaim: The final showdown didn’t work as well for me. While it’s packed with personal drama for the two conflicting sides of the battle, it ultimately boils down to “Hero fights his dark inverse with identical powers in a different-colored suit.” Hasn’t that been the plot of half the Marvel movies at this point? It’s thematically fitting, but compared to the more brightly lit fight outside, I think watching CGI figures with Chadwick Boseman and Michael B. Jordan’s faces pasted them, duking it out in a dimly lit tunnel, was a cinematic letdown. I could spend all day watching T’Challa do his kinetic burst attack to send cars and enemies flying, though.
Bryan: The addition of the train to that Killmonger vs. T’Challa battle — conveniently barreling through the action just when it would be as disruptive as possible — was perhaps my least favorite thing about the film. I understand the concept behind it, upping the stakes and the danger as the two men duked it out, and I guess there’s a thematic element involved, since it’s Wakanda’s own advanced technology. But it didn’t work for me. In fairness, though, the fight sequence between the two men at Warrior Falls is so intense and gripping, I don’t know how the movie could have topped that battle.
Tasha: I appreciated the foreshadowing with the introduction of the second suit, though. As soon as it turned up in Shuri’s lab, it was obvious what it would be used for, which builds a lot of tension early on. The MCU movies have had a progressively harder time of evening the odds between iconic heroes who’ve already survived a lot of battles, and Enemy of the Week Who Will Be Dead by the End of the Movie. By ritually removing T’Challa’s powers and putting Killmonger in an identical suit, Black Panther places them on even ground. And Killmonger seems more experienced, invested, and angry. So that final fight between them becomes much more about who knows the ground, and who can outthink the other, than about who has better gear or better powers.
Chaim: Yeah, the suit foreshadowing definitely worked, down to the fact that Killmonger would definitely take the flashier, more overstated gold suit. But I’ll agree with Bryan that “Chekov’s Vibranium Sonic Disruption Train” could have maybe been handled a little more subtly.
What worked or didn’t for you about Erik Killmonger?
Tasha: Since we’re talking so much about our main villain here, we should focus in on him for reasons other than his fighting tools. Killmonger’s “you killed my father, prepare to die” Inigo Montoya routine seemed so familiar from other tragic-hero backstories that the reveal of his motivations initially left me fairly dubious. But Michael B. Jordan is so charismatic, and I love the contrast between his hipshot, swaggering just-having-fun routine when he’s dealing with adversaries he doesn’t take seriously (like Klaue or the museum staff or the flower-tenders) and his raging fury when he’s dealing with his real enemies. I hugely respect a villain who’s allowed to express more than one mood. And then we get to the ritual where Killmonger confronts his father’s ghost — from that point on, I was fully sold on the character. His vulnerability becomes clear, but so does everything he’s done to beat that vulnerability out of himself.
Bryan: For me, it was all about Jordan’s performance, from the moment he showed up on-screen. He’s always had undeniable charisma, but his work in this film just swallows up everything and everyone around him. It reminded me of Alan Rickman’s performance in Die Hard, another situation where the character wasn’t particularly deep on the page, but became iconic, thanks to the magnetic performance of the actor cast in the role.
I do agree his motivation feels a little wanting in the first half of the film. But when he lets loose later on, and we understand that the seed of his childhood betrayal has grown into a massive, furious anger toward all manner of racial injustice, it becomes an incredibly important moment in an incredibly important film. Not just for Marvel, but for American blockbuster cinema. The movie boldly tackles the topic without fear, and it is electrifying.
Chaim: I’m still not entirely sold on Killmonger’s entire plan before getting to Wakanda, but yes, Michael B. Jordan completely sells the character. The best villains are those that are the heroes of their own story. Killmonger’s sense of betrayal from Wakanda — both on a personal level through his father, and on a wider cultural level, as someone forced to deal with racial and cultural oppression, while the native Wakandan characters have been able to escape into utopian isolation — makes perfect sense.
Play store for windows 10 download. It’s easy to imagine a Black Panther movie that stumbles in getting that message across, but Jordan owns it, in a righteous fury that feels all too real. And what’s interesting to me is that the movie ultimately comes down on Killmonger’s side, too: T’Challa does conclude that the entire Wakandan way of life, of hiding away from the problems outside of the world, is wrong, and the movie ends with him taking steps to change that.
Tasha: That in itself feels revolutionary, no pun intended. Superhero/villain face-offs that end with “How can we stop this from happening again?” are pretty common. Face-offs that end with “Well, he was right all along, how can we enact his plan in a less murdery way?” not so much. In that sense, I actually wish T’Challa wasn’t already getting the same pressure to help the world from his ex-lover Nakia, and wasn’t having his hand forced by Klaue passing intel about Wakanda along to the CIA, or by the need to help Agent Ross survive. It would have been a purer version of Erik’s story if he alone had convinced T’Challa to change his mind.
My one beef with Erik is him casually ordering the destruction of the heart-shaped herb. Yeah, I get that he doesn’t want anyone to use the Black Panther’s powers to challenge him. But as someone so obsessed with carrying on his father’s legacy, and obsessed with the future well-being of black people around the world, shouldn’t he be thinking about his own lineage? Shouldn’t he have some thoughts about giving his children and successors access to the powers he has? Burning the herb is a dramatic choice, but it seems short-sighted to not even mention why he’s doing it.
Bryan: This actually played for me. As much as he’s about reclaiming the Wakandan throne, Killmonger is also very adamant that some of its traditions — namely, the isolationist stance against getting involved with the rest of the world — should be thrown aside. The burning struck me as him making that stance manifest, in one furious wave of rage.
Chaim: The decision to burn the heart-shaped herb also has other disappointing ramifications — in the comics, Shuri also consumes the herb, and at one point, she takes over the mantle of Black Panther from T’Challa. And given Letitia Wright’s absolutely delightful, scene-stealing performance as Shuri in the film, it’s a shame that it’s more unlikely that she’ll have the chance to do so in any future Black Panther sequels.
Tasha: I wouldn’t worry about that. Comic-book stories are famous for their takebacks on any death, destruction, or permanent ending that would prevent a later story from moving forward. If a later story needs the heart-shaped herb, all it’ll take is a single shot of one of those attendants quietly pocketing some seeds, or Shuri revealing that, of course, she created a seed library for the plant as it’s Wakanda’s second-most valuable resource after vibranium.
Chaim: Fair enough. I guess what I’m saying is that I’d like a Black Panther movie with even more Shuri, though.
How did you feel about the ensemble cast?
Tasha: Speaking of Shuri, there are a lot of significant roles in this cast, and apart from the leads, the most foregrounded ones are black women. Given the MCU’s relative dearth of those, this film feels like a rapid-fire course correction, and I hope Kevin Feige and his team take advantage of all these fantastic new characters. The MCU has a habit of mix-and-matching its more popular characters into different films, just like the comics that inspired them. (Remember when Wolverine was so popular that he showed up on the cover of everybody’s signature series?) Shuri is the most obvious candidate to wind up anywhere, anytime in the MCU, given her technological acumen and willingness to be a front-line fighter. But personally, I was most drawn to General Okoye, played by Danai Gurira. I love her ferocity and her dedication to her causes. The film gave her just a little fish-out-of-water action at the casino punctures her dignity just enough to make her human, but her determination to serve Wakanda, not just T’Challa, is admirable and gives the film more than one take on duty and honor. I want to see a lot more of her.
Chaim: Shuri schooling Tony Stark on technology is now imminently possible, and I hope the good folks at Marvel Studios recognize that they have the power to put this in a movie. But on a more serious note, Black Panther has an almost Shakespearian weight at times, and Letitia Wright’s portrayal was a bright beam of sunshine that cut through the dour moments without regulating her to being mere comic relief.
It’s also a testament to the sheer star power of the cast Coogler put together: we’re deep into this conversation, and we haven’t even gotten to the excellent performances of Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, or Lupita Nyong’o, all of whom are excellent in their respective roles as well.
And if you’re looking for more of Okoye, I’ve got good news for you, Tasha: it looks like the next time we’ll see her, she’ll be right where she belongs: charging front and center at the side of Captain America, Black Panther, and the other Avengers at the head of a Wakandan army.
Tasha: I suppose I should clarify that I want more of General Okoye as a character, not just as an army figurehead. But then, I’ve been fairly impressed with the way Marvel’s ensemble films, from The Avengers to Captain America: Civil War, have found time for at least a little business with all their many characters. So that’s something to look forward to.
In other “more, please” news, I am always there for Angela Bassett, no matter what she’s playing, and I’m sorry to see this film sideline her Queen Ramonda before the real action kicks in. Delighted to see her show up; wish she had more to do.
There are a lot of other characters to consider here, though. And of all of them, Daniel Kaluuya as W’Kabi has the toughest job and the hardest part to sell. The screenplay really doesn’t do him any favors. His emotional journey amounts to “We’re best friends! But you lost one fight with a guy I hate, so you’re dead to me and I’m supporting your murderous rival instead. Also, I’ve changed my mind, let’s be friends again now that my side is losing!” There’s certainly room in this world for a weaselly character who bends whichever way the wind is blowing, but W’Kabi isn’t depicted as that. He’s meant to be a misled symbol of T’Challa’s failings, but instead, he’s an underwritten character who swings back and forth as the plot demands. Kaluuya is a fabulous actor (as we’ve seen in Black Mirror and Get Out), and I wish the script had given him more breathing room.
Bryan: Agreed on that. I was excited to see what Kaluuya would do in Black Panther, but while the character is pretty lackluster, the fault definitely does not lie with him.
Along with all of the truly wonderful women warriors in this movie’s world (frankly, I’d be excited to see standalone movies for both Shuri and General Okoye), I was also pleasantly surprised to see Sterling K. Brown appear in the film. It’s a small part, but an emotionally pivotal one. While it may be considered a cheat, Brown’s work on This Is Us has rendered him an emotional divining rod for me. If he’s on-screen in anything, I’m ready to feel sadness, regret, and longing. As Erik Killmonger’s dad, he brings all of that to the role and serves as the anchor for Killmonger’s emotional journey. Michael B. Jordan is always going to be Michael B. Jordan, but Brown’s performance really lets his arc soar.
Black Panther | |
---|---|
Directed by | Ryan Coogler |
Produced by | Kevin Feige |
Written by |
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Based on | Black Panther by |
Starring | |
Music by | Ludwig Göransson |
Cinematography | Rachel Morrison |
Edited by | |
Production company | |
Distributed by | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
Release date |
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134 minutes[1] | |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $200 million[2][3] |
Box office | $1.347 billion[4] |
Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Ryan Coogler, who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole, and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther, alongside Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia Wright, Winston Duke, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, and Andy Serkis. In Black Panther, T'Challa is crowned king of Wakanda following his father's death, but his sovereignty is challenged by an adversary who plans to abandon the country's isolationist policies and begin a global revolution.
Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992, but the project did not come to fruition. In September 2005, Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011. Black Panther was officially announced in October 2014, and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America: Civil War (2016). By 2016, Cole and Coogler had joined; additional cast joined in May, making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast. Principal photography took place from January to April 2017 at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area, and Busan, South Korea.
Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018, and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16, in 2D, 3D, IMAX, and other premium large formats. The film received praise from critics for its direction, screenplay, acting (particularly that of Boseman, Jordan, and Wright), costume design, production values, and soundtrack, though the computer-generated effects received some criticism. Many critics considered it to be one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance, with organizations including the National Board of Review and American Film Institute naming it one of the Top 10 Films of 2018. During its theatrical run, the film grossed over $1.35 billion and broke numerous box office records, including for the highest-grossing film by a black director. It became the ninth highest-grossing film ever, the third highest-grossing film ever in North America, and for 2018 it was the highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S. and Canada as well as the second highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.
The film received numerous awards and nominations, with seven nominations at the 91st Academy Awards including Best Picture, with wins for Best Costume Design, Best Original Score, and Best Production Design. Black Panther is the first superhero film ever to receive a Best Picture nomination, as well as the first film in the MCU to win an Academy Award. The film also received three nominations at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, two wins at the 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards, and twelve nominations at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards (winning three), among others. A sequel is in development with Coogler returning to write and direct.
- 3Production
- 3.2Pre-production
- 3.2.2Design
- 3.4Post-production
- 3.2Pre-production
- 6Release
- 7Reception
- 7.1Box office
- 7.3Analysis
- 7.4Accolades
Plot
Thousands of years ago, five African tribes war over a meteorite containing vibranium. One warrior ingests a 'heart-shaped herb' affected by the metal and gains superhuman abilities, becoming the first 'Black Panther'. He unites all but the Jabari Tribe to form the nation of Wakanda. Over centuries, the Wakandans use the vibranium to develop advanced technology and isolate themselves from the world by posing as a Third World country. In 1992, Wakanda's King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu, who is working undercover in Oakland, California. T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black-market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda. N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri, another undercover Wakandan, and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions.
In the present day, following T'Chaka's death,[N 1] his son T'Challa returns to Wakanda to assume the throne. He and Okoye, the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment, extract T'Challa's ex-lover Nakia from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri. At the ceremony, the Jabari Tribe's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat. T'Challa defeats M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die.
When Klaue and his accomplice Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum, T'Challa's friend and Okoye's lover W'Kabi urges him to bring Klaue back alive. T'Challa, Okoye, and Nakia travel to Busan, South Korea, where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross. A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa, who reluctantly releases him to Ross' custody. Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda's international image is a front for a technologically advanced civilization. Erik attacks and extracts Klaue as Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia. Rather than pursue Klaue, T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda, where their technology can save him.
While Shuri heals Ross, T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu. Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors. As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu, the latter attacked Zuri and forced T'Chaka to kill him. T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son in order to maintain the lie. This boy grew up to be Stevens, a U.S. black ops soldier who adopted the name 'Killmonger'. Meanwhile, Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda. He is brought before the tribal elders, revealing his identity to be N'Jadaka and claim to the throne. Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat, where he kills Zuri, defeats T'Challa, and hurls him over a waterfall to his presumed death. Killmonger ingests the heart-shaped herb and orders the rest incinerated, but Nakia extracts one first. Killmonger, supported by W'Kabi and his army, prepares to distribute shipments of Wakandan weapons to operatives around the world.
Nakia, Shuri, Ramonda, and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid. They find a comatose T'Challa, rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life. Healed by Nakia's herb, T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger, who dons his own Black Panther suit. W'Kabi and his army fight Shuri, Nakia, and the Dora Milaje, while Ross remotely pilots a jet and shoots down planes carrying the vibranium weapons. M'Baku and the Jabari arrive to reinforce T'Challa. Confronted by Okoye, W'Kabi and his army stand down. Fighting in Wakanda's vibranium mine, T'Challa disrupts Killmonger's suit and stabs him. Killmonger refuses to be healed, choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated.
T'Challa establishes an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died, to be run by Nakia and Shuri. In a mid-credits scene, T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda's true nature to the world. In a post-credits scene, Shuri helps Bucky Barnes with his recuperation.
Cast
- Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther:
The king of the African nation of Wakanda[6][7][8] who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the heart-shaped herb.[9] He ascends to the throne following the death of his father T'Chaka in Captain America: Civil War (2016).[6][10] Boseman called T'Challa an anti-hero who is 'very much aware' of his responsibility as the leader of Wakanda.[11][12] Black Panther's suit, which forms around his body, was inspired by a similar design in Ta-Nehisi Coates' Black Panther comic book run.[13] Boseman worked with the same dialect coach he had during Message from the King (2016),[11] and worked with Marrese Crump to stay in shape between Civil War and Black Panther.[10] To prepare for the role, Boseman visited South Africa twice; examined Shaka Zulu, Patrice Lumumba, speeches from Nelson Mandela, and Fela Kuti songs; talked to a YorubaBabalawo; trained in Dambe, Capoeira Angola, and Zulu stick fighting; and took a DNA test to better understand his African ancestry.[14] He signed a five-film contract with Marvel.[15] Ashton Tyler plays a young T'Challa.[16]:i - Michael B. Jordan as N'Jadaka / Erik 'Killmonger' Stevens:
A U.S. black-ops soldier who seeks to overthrow his cousin T'Challa,[17][18] with his own opinion on how Wakanda should be ruled.[19] Jordan had wanted to play a villain for 'a while',[20] and likened Killmonger and T'Challa's relationship to the X-Men characters Magneto and Professor X.[21] He added that Killmonger is strategic, thoughtful, patient, and 'trained to a T'.[22] Killmonger's bumpy, ritualistic tribal markings on his chest and torso resemble the scar tattoos of the Mursi and Surma tribes,[23] and consisted of 90 individually sculpted silicone molds that took two-and-a-half hours to apply.[16]:21 Jordan would have to sit in a sauna for two hours at the end of the day to remove the prosthetics.[24] Killmonger's dreadlocks hairstyle was a modern take on the character's long hair in the comics.[21] To prepare for the role, Jordan examined Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, Huey P. Newton, Fred Hampton, and Tupac Shakur.[14] He also cited Heath Ledger's portrayal of the Joker in The Dark Knight as an influence.[25] Corey Calliet served as Jordan's trainer on the film, after also doing so on Creed.[26] Seth Carr plays a young Stevens.[16]:i - Lupita Nyong'o as Nakia:
T'Challa's former lover and a War Dog, an undercover spy for Wakanda, from the River Tribe.[10][27][19] Nyong'o called Nakia a 'departure' from her comic counterpart.[19] She begins the film fighting for enslaved women in Nigeria. Nyong'o learned to speak Hausa for the film, and also trained in judo, jujitsu, silat, and Filipino martial arts.[10] - Danai Gurira as Okoye:
An 'extremely proud' Wakandan traditionalist from the Border Tribe who is the head of the Dora Milaje, Wakanda's all-female special forces and T'Challa's bodyguards.[28][29][30] Director Ryan Coogler cast Gurira based on her performance in Mother of George (2013), rather than her popular role of Michonne in the television series The Walking Dead, which Coogler had not seen. Gurira said that the fighting skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye,[31] but noted that the Dora Milaje are a secret service, which covers intel as well as fighting. She explained that though the character is stoic, 'she also has an unexpected sense of humor. She has a heart, but for her country and for her people.'[30] Gurira's head was re-shaved every day to have her head tattoos applied, which took two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half hours.[24] - Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross:
A member of the Central Intelligence Agency[32][33] who Freeman described as having an 'uneasy peace' with T'Challa. He added that the character goes on an 'enlightening journey to Wakanda' in the film.[32] Freeman and the filmmakers sought to depict Ross as a capable agent rather than just comic relief as he is in the comics.[10][34] - Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi: A confidant to T'Challa and his best friend who is the head of security for the Border Tribe, serving as the first line of defense for Wakanda.[35][19]
- Letitia Wright as Shuri:
T'Challa's 16-year-old sister who designs new technology for the country.[36][10] Wright described Shuri as innovative of spirit and mind, wanting to take Wakanda to 'a new place', and felt she was a good role model for young black girls.[36] Executive producer Nate Moore called Shuri the smartest person in the world, even more so than Tony Stark.[10] - Winston Duke as M'Baku:
A powerful, ruthless warrior who is the leader of Wakanda's mountain tribe, the Jabari, who protest T'Challa being the new king.[37] Duke described the Jabari as people who 'strongly believe that to move forward, you have to have a strong adherence and respect for the past. So they have a deep moral conscience.'[38] Character elements from Christopher Priest's 1998–2003 Black Panther series were adapted for M'Baku's portrayal in the film.[37] M'Baku is not referred to in the film by his comics alter ego 'Man-Ape', since Marvel felt there were 'a lot of racial implications that don't sit well' in having a black character dress up as an ape. This aspect of the character was instead reworked to have the Jabari tribe worship the gorilla gods, with M'Baku still wearing elements of fur on his arms and legs and a chest-plate that hints at the gorilla. Moore continued, 'Man-Ape is a problematic character for a lot of reasons, but the idea behind Man-Ape we thought was really fascinating .. It's a line I think we're walking, and hopefully walking successfully.'[37] To further differentiate the Jabari, Duke spoke a version of the Nigerian Igbo language rather than the Xhosa language spoken by other Wakandans.[16]:23 - Angela Bassett as Ramonda:
T'Challa and Shuri's mother, the Queen Mother of Wakanda.[39] Ramonda serves as an adviser to T'Challa for when he would otherwise have turned to his father.[19] Bassett wore a silver, waist-length wig for the role that was made from 120 pieces of hair hand-rolled into dreadlocks.[16]:22 Calliet also served as Bassett's trainer before and during filming, creating high-intensity interval training circuits and helping to craft her diet.[26] - Forest Whitaker as Zuri:
An elder statesman of Wakanda and the keeper of the heart-shaped herb.[19][35] Coogler called Zuri a religious and spiritual figure, referencing the spirituality of Wakanda from the comics, and compared him to Obi-Wan Kenobi from the Star Wars series. Zuri is also a 'major tie back' to T'Chaka for T'Challa.[40]Denzel Whitaker, who is not related to Forest, plays a young Zuri.[18] - Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue:
A South African black-market arms dealer, smuggler and gangster,[10][41] who is allied with Killmonger.[13][19] He uses a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as a sonic disruptor arm-cannon, replacing his left arm, which he lost in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015).[42] Boseman described Klaue as a threat to Wakanda, one of the few outsiders to enter the country, and someone with access to vibranium. He compared the character to Osama bin Laden.[43] Serkis added that in addition to his desire for vibranium, Klaue is motivated by a 'personal' vendetta against T'Challa, and 'to expose what he thinks is the hypocrisy of Wakanda'.[44]
Additionally, John Kani and Florence Kasumba reprise their respective roles of T'Chaka and Ayo from Captain America: Civil War.[35][45] Kani's son Atandwa portrays a young T'Chaka,[18] and Sterling K. Brown plays his brother N'Jobu, who is Killmonger's father.[46][18] Wakandan elders in the film include Isaach de Bankolé for the River Tribe,[47][16]:i Connie Chiume for the Mining Tribe,[48][16]:i Dorothy Steel for the Merchant Tribe, and Danny Sapani for the Border Tribe.[16]:iSydelle Noel appears as Xoliswa, a member of the Dora Milaje.[49][50] Marija Abney, Janeshia Adams-Ginyard, Maria Hippolyte, Marie Mouroum, Jénel Stevens, Zola Williams, Christine Hollingsworth, and Shaunette Renée Wilson also play Doras.[16]:i Nabiyah Be initially announced that she was playing criminal Tilda Johnson,[51] but her character was simply named Linda in the final film due to Gabrielle Dennis being cast as Johnson in the second season of Luke Cage.[52][53][16]:i Comedian Trevor Noah voices Griot, a Wakandan ship A.I.,[54] Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo as a patron in the South Korean casino,[55][18] and Sebastian Stan makes an uncredited appearance in the post-credits scene reprising his role as Bucky Barnes.[56]
Production
Development
In June 1992, Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther,[57] and began work on it by that August.[58] Snipes felt that Africa had been portrayed poorly in Hollywood films previously, and that this film could highlight the majesty of the continent due to the character being noble and 'the antithesis of [African] stereotypes'.[59] The next July, Snipes planned to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man (1993),[60] and a month later he expressed interest in making sequels to the film as well.[61] In January 1994, Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray Black Panther,[62] and Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee joined the film by March;[63] it entered early development by May.[64] Snipes had discussions with several different screenwriters and directors about the project, including Mario Van Peebles and John Singleton.[59] When the film had not progressed by January 1996, Lee explained that he had not been pleased with the scripts for the project.[65] Snipes said that there was confusion among those unfamiliar with the comics, who thought that the film was about the Black Panther Party.[59]
–Actor Wesley Snipes, who worked on early iterations of Black Panther[61]
In July 1997, Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics' film slate,[66] and in March 1998, Marvel reportedly hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti, who at the time were editors of the Black Panther comics, to work on it;[67][59] Quesada and Palmiotti have both denied this.[59] That August, corporate problems at Marvel put the project on hold.[68] A year later, Snipes was set to produce, and possibly star, in the film,[69] while Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel in May 2000 to co-produce, finance, and distribute the film.[70] In March 2002, Snipes planned to make the film or Blade 3 (2004) over the next year.[71] In July 2004, Blade 3 director David S. Goyer felt Snipes starring as Black Panther in addition to Marvel's Blade 'might be overkill'.[72]
In September 2005, Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of ten films being developed by the new Marvel Studios.[73] In June 2006, Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon,[74] and Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige reiterated in February 2007 that Black Panther was in development.[75] By that July, John Singleton had been approached to direct the film.[76] In March 2009, Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser-known properties, including Black Panther;[77] Nate Moore, the head of the writers program, was overseeing the development of Black Panther specifically.[78] Snipes' involvement stalled at this time, as he was convicted of failing to file a tax return, serving his sentence from June 2010 to April 2013.[79] In January 2011, Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther, to be produced by Feige.[80] By October 2013, the metal vibranium, which comes from Black Panther's home nation Wakanda, was introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe;[81] Marvel had considered showing Wakanda itself as early as Iron Man 2 (2010), but were waiting until they had 'a full idea' of how to depict it.[10]
In October 2014, Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3, 2017, with Chadwick Boseman cast as T'Challa / Black Panther.[7][8] Boseman did not audition for the role, instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel,[82] and earned $2 million for appearing in the film.[83] The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America: Civil War.[8] Snipes gave his support for the project, despite no longer being involved.[59] Feige said that Marvel was considering minority writers and directors for the film, but would prioritize 'the best filmmakers, the best writers, the best directors possible. So I'm not going to say for sure that we're going to hire from any one demographic'. He added that they had met with former Black Panther comics writer Reginald Hudlin.[84] In January 2015, Boseman said that the film was going through a 'brainstorming phase',[85] and the next month Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6, 2018.[86] Further casting was underway, and Feige was set to meet with directors after the release of Avengers: Age of Ultron at the end of April.[87]
By May 2015, Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or Captain Marvel (2019).[88] In June, Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors, and said that he expected a decision to be made by mid- to late 2015.[89] By early July, DuVernay had passed on directing the film,[90] explaining that she had been drawn to the cultural importance of depicting a black hero to the whole world, but disagreed with Marvel on the story and did not want to compromise her vision.[90][91] By October 2015, F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered as directors for the film,[92][93] though negotiations with Coogler had cooled,[93] and Gray had chosen to direct The Fate of the Furious (2017) instead.[94]Joe Robert Cole, a member of the Marvel writers program, was in talks to write the screenplay,[95] and Marvel changed the release date once again, moving it to February 16, 2018.[96] By December, discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed (2015).[93]
Pre-production
Coogler was confirmed as director in January 2016,[97] and said that the film was his 'most personal movie to date' in part because he grew up reading comics,[98][99] adding, 'I feel really fortunate to be able to work on something I'm this passionate about again.'[99][100] After being 'wooed' by Feige for months, Coogler agreed to direct the film if he could bring collaborators from his previous films to differentiate the film from other MCU films that are often 'shot, composed, and edited by the same in-house people'. This included Fruitvale Station (2013) cinematographer Rachel Morrison,[101] as well as production designer Hannah Beachler and composer Ludwig Göransson, who both worked with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed.[101][102] Coogler felt Black Panther would be unique while still fitting within the MCU's overall narrative.[98]
–Ryan Coogler, director of Black Panther[103]
In April 2016, Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole, and that filming would begin at the beginning of 2017.[104] He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a 'primarily African-American cast':[105][106]Lupita Nyong'o soon entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest,[27] and Michael B. Jordan joined in an undisclosed role, after previously working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed.[17] Nate Moore, serving as a producer on the film by the end of May, stated that filming would occur in Atlanta, Georgia, with Marvel 'definitely investigating shooting in Africa' as well.[78]
At San Diego Comic-Con 2016, Nyong'o was confirmed for the film, in the role of Nakia, while Jordan's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger. Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye. Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017.[28][29] Additional casting occurred from September 2016 until the start of filming, with Winston Duke cast as M'Baku, a role that Yahya Abdul-Mateen II had also tested for;[107]Forest Whitaker as Zuri; Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi;[35]Angela Bassett as T'Challa's mother, Ramonda;[39]Sterling K. Brown as N'Jobu;[46] and Letitia Wright in an unspecified role.[108]Florence Kasumba was revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America: Civil War.[35]Amandla Stenberg, who is bi-racial and light skinned, was considered for a role in the film but was not comfortable taking the place of a dark-skinned actor, and described her decision to pass on the role as 'really challenging'.[109] By January 2017, Marvel received permission from the Oakland, California-based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film for the opening flashback sequence. The setting was chosen due to Coogler growing up in that area.[110]
Writing
The production team was inspired by Ta-Nehisi Coates' run on Black Panther, who was writing the comic at the same time as they were working on the film. Of particular inspiration was Coates' poetic dialogue, Brian Stelfreeze's art, and 'some of the questions that it's asking'.[103] The film was also inspired by the comic runs of Jack Kirby, Christopher Priest (which Coogler felt most influenced the film), Jonathan Hickman, and Hudlin. Characters for the film were picked from throughout the comics based on what worked for the film's story.[38] The ceremonial betrothal aspect of the Dora Milaje was not adapted from the comics for the film.[10] Coogler had hoped to include Spider-Man villain Kraven the Hunter early in the process because of a scene in Priest's run that had T'Challa fighting Kraven, but the rights to the character were not available.[111]Donald Glover and his brother Stephen made some minor contributions to an early draft of the script, developing the relationship between T'Challa and his younger sister Shuri.[112] Moore noted that an early script had more scenes outside of Wakanda to explore 'what it means to be African and African-American in the world a bit more', and hoped these could be revisited in a later film, particularly a 'super cool' sequence that was storyboarded before being cut.[113]
Feige described Black Panther as 'a big geopolitical action adventure' that focuses on family and T'Challa learning to be king,[105] with Civil War laying the groundwork for T'Challa's morality and establishing the geopolitical landscape that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda.[114] Moore compared the politics and humor of the film to Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), saying that the former would be inherent but not 'preachy', and that the latter would avoid the tones of Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Ant-Man (2015).[10] He also said the film would be a cross between The Godfather (1972) and the James Bond films as a 'big, operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage'.[19] Coogler was influenced by 1970s films such as the works of Francis Ford Coppola in that decade, as well as crime fiction. He also watched the film A Prophet (2009) for inspiration.[115] Feige called the film's story 'rich in culturally relevant ideas', with Boseman indicating there were parallels to 'pull from' in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama, though Feige added that 'these are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics.'[43] Moore said the film does not depend on the plots of any other MCU films, but it does affect the wider MCU moving forward,[10] with Feige stating the film was 'a very important' link to Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019).[116][105]Civil War did introduce the Wakandan language, based on the Xhosa language, which Boseman was taught by John Kani who portrays T'Challa's father King T'Chaka.[117]
Design
Cole called the film an historic opportunity to depict a black superhero 'at a time when African-Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization'. It was important to root the film in the actual cultures of Africa, with the filmmakers consulting with experts on the region of Africa that Wakanda is supposed to be located in,[118] rooting the film 'in reality first and then build[ing] out from there'.[6] Coogler's vision for Wakanda was inspired by the southern African country Lesotho, a country which has historically been 'an enclave, able to protect its independence because of its terrain' and was only lightly colonized by the British;[119][120] the country's traditional blankets are also featured in the film.[119] Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real-life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo.[121] He wanted Wakanda to feel like a full country with multiple distinct tribes,[37] and created a project bible that detailed each Wakandan tribe to guide the design process. Special care was taken to create a futuristic look that was not alien,[10] as some of Jack Kirby's original comic designs appeared.[122]
Sets
Beachler wanted to honor the comic designs, but fill in the gaps with research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa, pulling inspiration from Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, and Ethiopia,[123] as well as the designs of Zaha Hadid. Moore described this approach as a love letter to Africa.[10] Beachler looked at the architecture of existing tribes, and then tried to advance the technology naturally rather than if Wakanda had been colonized.[123] Circular motifs, signifying the transmission of energy, were an important theme throughout the film. Older locations depicted in the film, such as Warrior Falls, the City of the Dead, and the Hall of Kings, were juxtaposed with the more modern Afro-punk style of the Golden City, the capital.[10]Rondavels were incorporated into the tops of Wakanda's skyscrapers, inspired by the look of mountains at Blyde River Canyon in South Africa.[123]
Beachler created different sigils and architecture for each of the Wakandan tribes, with the Border Tribe inspired by Lesotho, the Merchant Tribe having a sigil based on Nigerian writing, and the Golden Tribe using a sun symbol found throughout Africa. Gorilla City, home to the Jabari Tribe, was originally set in a rain forest, but Coogler suggested that it be found up a mountain in snow.[10] Beachler based the written form of the Wakandan language on an old Nigerian language. She consulted with mining and metallurgy experts for the vibranium technology,[16]:15 including for the vibranium mine where the substance is depicted as glowing blue rocks before it is refined into the stainless steel look previously seen in the MCU. The film also adapts the kimoyo bead technology from the comics, and features sand-based technology. Beachler wanted futuristic elements of the film to be consistent with projections of what real world technology may be like in 25 or 30 years, such as the maglev and hovercraft technology used in vehicles. The Wakandan vehicles include a maglev train for carrying vibranium; the king's Royal Talon Fighter, which looks like a mask from the top and bottom; and the Dragon Flyer, inspired by the Congo peafowl.[10]
The majority of Beachler's sets were constructed on sound stages in Atlanta, including the Tribal Council, Shuri's design space, and the Hall of Kings. The Tribal Council set was built with a glass floor through which an old ruin can be seen. The exterior set for Warrior Falls was built on a backlot north of Atlanta, and was inspired by the Oribi Gorge. The set was 36 feet (11 m), made up of a 6 feet (1.8 m) high pool, and then 30 feet (9.1 m) high cliff faces that were designed to be extended to 100 feet (30 m) with visual effects. A framework for the cliffs was hand-sculpted from industrial styrofoam, with a system of tunnels built-in to the design to allow extras to climb up to different areas of the cliffs. The framework was then covered with 25,000 cubic feet (710 m3) of foam that was sculptured to match rocks found at Oribi Gorge. Six large pumps were used to fill the pool at the base of the set, and create a waterfall over the ledge at the bottom. The base of the pool was made from padding so stunts could safely be carried out on the set, but designed to look like rocks and to have enough grip that the actors would not fall over in the water. The set took four months to complete, and was used for two weeks of filming.[16]:16
Costumes
Costume designer Ruth E. Carter referenced the Maasai, Himba, Dogon, Basotho, Tuareg, Turkana, Xhosa, Zulu, Suri and Dinka people in her designs.[124][125] She also examined appropriate works by Japanese fashion designer Issey Miyake, French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent, and American fashion designer Donna Karan.[125]Winnie Mandela provided inspiration to Carter for Angela Bassett's costumes.[10]
The Dora Milaje costumes primarily used red to reflect different African cultures, and included beaded tabards that feature talismans that would be passed down from mother to daughter. Carter wanted to avoid the 'girls in the bathing suits' look, and instead have the Dora Milaje wear full armor that they would practically need for battle. She also had to take actors' stunt work into consideration.[10] Anthony Francisco, the Senior Visual Development Illustrator, noted the Dora Milaje costumes were based 80 percent on the Maasai, five percent on samurai, five percent on ninjas, and five percent on the Ifugao people from the Philippines. The arm band and neck rings were a reference to the Southern Ndebele people and denote stature. As such, General Okoye has gold bands and rings while the other Dora Milaje wear silver.[24]
The costumes for T'Challa combined his role as king and as the head of the military, including combining a kente cloth cloak with military boots.[10] Carter also used distinct colors and patterns for each of Wakanda's tribes, such as green with shells for the River Tribe based on the Suri; blue with wood for the Border Tribe; black with royal purple for the Black Panther and the Royal Palace;[10][24] plums and purples for the Merchant Tribe in reference to the Tuareg; and ochre for the Mining Tribe inspired by the Himba.[24] Three out of every five people in Wakanda go barefoot. The Wakandans wear 'normal' clothes outside of the country, with the colors of their costumes kept consistent.[10] Overall, Carter created 700 costumes for the film, working with 'an army' of illustrators, designers, mold makers, fabric dyers, jewelry makers and more.[125]
Hair department head Camille Friend referenced traditional African art, fabrics, hair, and textures, and the current-day natural hair movement in her designs. Friend strived to keep the actors' hair natural, using 'braids, locs and twists', and when necessary, extensions and wigs. As with Carter, Friend designed each tribe to have their own identifiable aesthetic, such as the Jabari Tribe having hair styled with 'very straight, clean lines' and war-paint detail, inspired by Senegalese warriors.[24]
Filming
Principal photography had begun by January 21, 2017,[126] at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area,[127][128] under the working title Motherland.[129][130] Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta, which doubled as Oakland; the High Museum of Art, which served as the fictional Museum of Great Britain in London; and Atlanta City Hall, which served as a United Nations building.[127][131] Cinematographer Rachel Morrison, who was eager to work on Black Panther after working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station,[132] first watched all of the other MCU films to understand the established 'language'. She wanted to 'push' that language and feature more contrast in color. Visual effects supervisor Geoff Baumann provided Morrison with before-and-after shots of scenes from Civil War so she could understand what elements are captured on set and what is created digitally.[133] She filmed in 3.4K ArriRaw with Arri Alexa XT Plus cameras and Panavision Primo lenses,[134] primarily using a two-camera set-up with a third or fourth camera on occasion. Morrison said that lighting was her biggest challenge, the magnitude of which 'was much bigger than I'd experienced before', and made extensive use of Arri SkyPanel LED light fixtures, which she could preprogram from an iPad. Some sets were completely surrounded by SkyPanels.[132]
Shortly after filming started, Kani's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father, the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka,[45] while on-set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross.[126] Marvel announced that production was underway on January 26, and confirmed the casting of Freeman, Wright, and John Kani, while revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from Avengers: Age of Ultron.[135][41] Atandwa portrays a younger version of his father's character, and also served as a cultural consultant during filming. Dialect coach Beth McGuire worked to ensure there was continuity between the various actors who had to use 'Wakandan accents'.[16]:22 Jordan joined the production later than the rest of the core cast. He felt that this aided his performance, since his character is separate from and in conflict with the other characters. Because of this, Jordan kept to himself while he was on set.[10] Since Black Panther and Avengers: Infinity War were filming simultaneously in Atlanta, both production teams worked together closely to ensure a unified presentation of Wakanda in the films, as the country also plays a large role in Infinity War.[128]
Additional filming took place in South Korea,[135] with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene that involved 150 cars and over 700 people.[130][136] Coogler and Morrison referenced the car chase sequences from Bullitt (1968), Drive (2011), and The French Connection (1971), taking the best elements from each for Black Panther's sequence.[133] Filming in Busan began on March 17,[137] at the Jagalchi Fish Market.[138] Filming moved to Gwangalli Beach on March 21,[137] with other South Korean filming locations including Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge.[136] The production crew hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming.[137] Filming in the country wrapped on March 27,[136] with additional location shooting also taking place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda.[139][134] John Marzano served as cinematographer for aerial footage of South Africa, Zambia, Uganda, and South Korea.[140][134] At CinemaCon 2017, Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film.[141] Filming concluded on April 19, 2017.[102]
Post-production
Editing
Black Panther was edited by Michael Shawver and Debbie Berman, with Shawver spending time on set during filming as well as at an editing suite near the Atlanta production base.[142] Berman joined the film after an initial director's cut had been produced, two weeks after she completed work on Marvel's Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017),[143] because Coogler likes to have both a male and female editing his films.[142] She believed that she was chosen by Marvel because she is South African, and had been expressing interest in Black Panther throughout the editing process for Homecoming after first seeing the character in Civil War.[143] Shawver said that a lot of their time editing was spent discussing how their work was affecting the audience. For instance, Shawver felt that initial versions of the first Warrior Falls fight fell 'flat' and used techniques he learned working with Coogler on Creed to have the editing move back-and-forth to mimic the back-and-forth of the fighters. He also felt that adding more reaction shots to the crowd during the fight gave more weight to T'Challa's victory at the end.[144] During work on the final battle, Berman pointed out to Coogler that the female Dora Milaje are rescued by the all-male Jabari tribe, which she felt undermined the focus on female characters leading up to that moment. Coogler agreed, and subsequently added female Jabari fighters to the scene through additional photography, including the first onscreen Jabari fighter in the scene. Berman felt that this was an important change that would not have been made if only men were editing the film.[143]
As first hinted by Coogler in January 2018,[115] the film includes two post-credit scenes: one showing T'Challa address the United Nations; and one featuring Sebastian Stan reprising his role as Bucky Barnes.[56] The first scene was originally intended to be part of the actual ending of the film, but was moved to during the credits so the film could conclude in Oakland, where it begins. Coogler felt having this symmetry was important.[145] In the scene, T'Challa says 'The foolish build barriers, while the wise build bridges.' Some felt this was a reference to the political climate of the presidency of Donald Trump, but Coogler stated that the line was added before Trump's election and was simply an African proverb that his wife had found. His intention with the scene was to inspire the audience by making T'Challa seem like a real person in a familiar, real-world environment, similar to how Tony Stark was treated in Iron Man (2008).[146] Coogler was not mandated by Marvel to feature connections to other films, but was interested in addressing the fact that Barnes was in Wakanda (per the end of Civil War) because it would be fun for the audience. He did not feel the character fit in the body of the film, but felt that an end-credits scene was appropriate.[145]
Visual effects
Song From Black Panther Trailer
Visual effects for the film were created by: Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) with help from Virtuos, Stereo D, and Scanline VFX; Double Negative; Luma Pictures; Mammal Studios; Method Studios; Perception; Rise Visual Effects Studios; Torm Studios; Trixter; Cantina Creative; Lola VFX; Capital T; Exceptional Minds; Technicolor VFX; Rodeo FX; Imageloom VFX; Anibrain; Method Pune; Bot VFX; Pixstone Images; Futureworks; Vertigo Visual; FX3X; and Yannix Thailand Co.[147][16]:xii-xxPrevisualization was completed by Digital Domain and The Third Floor.[16]:xi Geoffrey Baumann served as visual effects supervisor.[144]
Comparing Black Panther to other MCU films, Baumann noted that the visual effects department often have free rein when creating otherworldly science fiction designs, but had to be more specific with this film due to the need to be authentic to African culture and geography. For the Warrior Falls environment, the amphitheater-like cliff walls had to be populated with digital spectators that could not simply be copy-and-pasted around the set due to the precise costume designs created by Carter for each tribe and character. Instead, the visual effects department had to work with the costumers to individually model each digital extra for the sequence. Additionally, visual effects were also used to adjust the opening sequence after test audiences were confusing the characters of T'Chaka and T'Challa, both dressed as the Black Panther. Artists digitally added some grey to T'Chaka's beard and gold trimmings to his suit to help differentiate the characters.[144]
ILM was primarily responsible for creating the digital urban environments of Wakanda. ILM VFX supervisor Craig Hammack compared this work to his time on Tomorrowland (2015), but noted the additional challenge of not just building a futuristic city, but also one that was culturally appropriate. He explained that African culture has a 'certain amount of earthy material qualities that make things difficult to design as a futuristic city,' which would typically use lots of steel and glass. ILM looked to real life examples that blend modern architecture with natural environments like One Central Park in Sydney and The Pearl of Africa Hotel in Kampala, but also had to 'depart from a strict understanding of physics and go into a movie cheat world' at times to produce the desired look. Hammack was also inspired by the architecture of Uganda, where he spent time while aerial footage for the film was being shot. 60,000 individual buildings were designed and modeled for the city, which Hammack said was the first thing ILM began work on and also the last thing they were doing when the film was completed. Other things that ILM worked on during the production included set extensions and blue-screen replacements for interior sets, and the first rhinoceros shown in the film. For T'Challa's ancestral plane scenes, ILM replaced the basic set that was used with a full CG environment including an acacia tree and animated panthers. The sky was based on the Northern Lights, with this first designed for nighttime scenes before being replicated for daytime scenes in which the animators had to work hard to keep the effects visible. ILM also added additional sand for the burial sequences so Boseman could breathe during filming, and additional flames when Killmonger burns the heart-shaped herb.[134]
Method Studios created many of the natural environments of Wakanda. The company built a 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi) landscape that is visible in various aerial shots in the film, which was based on multiple landscapes from across Africa. Method was also responsible for creating Black Panther's and Killmonger's digital suits, including developing the look of the nanotechnology they use. They created many of the film's digital characters, vehicles, and weapons, with some of those digital creatures being rhinoceroses for the final battle, a sequence that Method did the majority of the work for. Because these rhinoceroses did not have to be seen on screen with the one designed by ILM, only basic structures, scale, and details of the character models had to be shared between the two companies. Much of the work for the final fight included crowd simulation, with Method working alongside the stunt coordinators in motion capture sessions to give each fighter a unique style. In addition to randomizing the height and weight of each digital fighter, the models had to incorporate specific design elements from the costumers. Method also worked on the vibranium mine and Shuri's laboratory, including animating the gadgets seen in the latter.[134]
Luma Pictures worked on the Busan car chase sequence, digitally creating the cars featured in the sequence based on CAD models and on-set reference. Multiple digital versions of the same car were created, so the production could have the actual cars crash and do various stunts with them, with Luma then inserting the digital versions to augment these moments. Luma also created the sonic forces from Klaue's cannon, while Scanline VFX worked on digitally removing Serkis' left arm for the London museum heist sequence.[148] Several companies worked on the vibranium sand effects used in Wakandan technology, including ILM for the beginning of the film.[134] Perception spent 18 months researching real-world technologies, phenomena, and visual themes to aid them in their work on the film. Their designs for the vibranium sand were based on research being done with ultrasonic transducers for the purpose of mid-air haptics and acoustic levitation. They integrated this research into the kimoyo beads worn by Wakandans and as a working interface on the royal talon fighter. Perception also created the traditional displays on the talon fighter and in Shuri's lab. For the talon fighter, the company 'experimented with parallax, depth, and volume in the information being displayed, as well as developing a unique color palette to brand the Wakandan tech'. In Shuri's lab, Perception adjusted the hues on the wall to match her attire, and for her healing room 'proposed that the hexagonal pattern seen on the wall actually reveal itself to be articulating panels' that 'pulse and ripple'. The company also created the function of Black Panther's suit with nano technology and 'layering the suit with different patterns as well as adding 'sub-dermal' luminescent tattoos', the virtual car chase with Shuri and T'Challa, and designed the opening prologue, with the final version created by Storm VFX. Perception also created the main-on-end title sequence.[149]
Music
After reading the script, composer Ludwig Göransson decided to go to Africa to do research for the film.[150] He spent a month in Senegal, first traveling around with musician Baaba Maal on his tour,[150][151] and then spending several weeks working with local musicians to form the 'base' of his score.[152][153] Göransson was particularly drawn to the talking drum and the tambin, or Fula flute, to use in his character themes,[150][154] along with horns.[153] Nate Moore compared the work Göransson did in defining the sound of the film to the use of music by James Gunn in the Guardians of the Galaxy films,[155] with the composer pushing Marvel out of their comfort zone.[156]
Kendrick Lamar produced the film's curated soundtrack, Black Panther: The Album, along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith, after Coogler wanted to include original songs from Lamar in the film because his 'artistic themes align with those we explore in the film'.[157][158] The soundtrack features songs that are heard in the film as well as others that are inspired by it, with the other artists featured the majority of 'top-billing names' under Top Dawg Entertainment.[158] Göransson collaborated with Lamar and producer Sounwave on the soundtrack.[159] Three singles from the album were released throughout January and February 2018: 'All the Stars',[157] 'King's Dead',[160] and 'Pray for Me'.[161]Black Panther: The Album was released on February 9, 2018,[162] while a soundtrack of Göransson's score was released on February 16.[163] An extended play titled Black Panther: Wakanda Remixed, featuring remixes of five cues from Göransson's score, was released on August 16, 2018. Göransson worked with several other artists to create the remixes.[164]
Marketing
Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film at a press event in April 2017. Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography, costume and production design, and black cast, saying 'Black Panther doesn't look like any of the other Marvel movies .. If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like, deal me in.'[102] The screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies, which Feige said they did to show off the 'highest-class cast we've had' despite editing having not yet begun.[165] A poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer, which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals.[166][167] Fans on Twitter felt the poster was poorly photoshopped,[168] and it was compared to a real-life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton.[166] The trailer received a much more positive response, with Peter Sciretta of /Film finding it unexpected and refreshing,[169]io9's Charles Pulliam-Moore calling it 'every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be',[170] and Andrew Husband for Uproxx feeling the single teaser outshone the entire Homecoming marketing campaign.[167] It was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours, generating 349,000 mentions (second only to the amount the Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) teaser received) and 'dominated the conversation on social media' over Game 4.[171][168] Per comScore and its PreAct service, the film was the subject of the most new social media conversations for the rest of the week,[172] and the second-most for the week ending June 18, behind Homecoming.[173]
Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con,[174][175] with Coogler, Boseman, and other members of the cast presenting exclusive footage of the film at the latter event, to a standing ovation from the audience.[176] In September, Coogler, Gurira, and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's Annual Legislative Conference, where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response.[121] On October 16, 2017, a full trailer was released. Dave Trumbore for Collider praised the trailer for showing an 'unmistakable sense of style' unique to the character,[177] while BamSmackPow's Brendan Day felt the trailer 'does everything right'.[178] Writing for Rolling Stone, Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as 'someone with the arrogance of [John] Shaft, the coolness of [Barack] Obama and the hot-headed impulsiveness of Kanye West'.[179] A few days later, Marvel Comics published a prelude tie-in comic focusing on one of T'Challa's first missions as the Black Panther set around the time of Iron Man.[180] The first College Football Playoff National Championship halftime show was organized by Disney for the 2018 championship game, with Kendrick Lamar performing to promote Black Panther: The Album and the beginning of ticket sales for the film.[181]
By February 12, Black Panther was the most-tweeted about film of 2018 with more than 5 million tweets globally,[182] and in mid-March it became the most-tweeted about film ever with 35 million.[183] When the hastag #BlackPanther is used on Twitter a custom emoji appears.[182] During New York Fashion Week, designers Cushnie et Ochs, Ikiré Jones, Tome, Sophie Theallet, Fear of God, Chromat, and LaQuan Smith created custom pieces that were inspired by the film for an event titled 'Welcome to Wakanda: Fashion for the Black Panther Era'.[181][184] Marvel Studios formed a partnership with Lexus on the film, with the 2018 Lexus LC being featured in it.[185] The partnership produced a graphic novel, Black Panther: Soul of a Machine, which was released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza, Geoffrey Thorne, and Chuck Brown;[185][186][187] a concept coupe from Lexus inspired by the character;[187] and a Super Bowl LII commercial featuring Boseman, Gurira and Wright,[188] which had 4.3 million views on social media after its Super Bowl airing, according to RelishMix.[189] Other marketing partners included shoe manufacturer Clarks creating a film-inspired variant of their Originals' Trigenic Evo shoe;[190]PepsiCo and Unilever launching an arts program for young people in urban areas to be mentored by established artists; Brisk created an interactive Black Panther installation at the 2018 NBA All-Star Game; Lancôme highlighted a line of makeup that Nyong'o and Wright used at the film's premiere; and Synchrony Financial with Marvel awarded the Ghetto Film School Fellows program with a $50,000 grant, with Coogler speaking to the school's students.[189]
Overall, Black Panther had the most expansive advertising budget and biggest line of merchandise of any Marvel non-sequel.[191]Deadline Hollywood estimated that budget to be $150 million.[3] Asad Ayaz, Executive Vice President of Marketing for Marvel films, said the campaign was about 'super-serving' black audiences while still trying to appeal to all, in order to make the film 'feel like a cultural event'.[181] Disney and Marvel created a 'synergy program' with the College Football Playoffs on ESPN, the ABC television series Black-ish, Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, and How to Get Away With Murder, the Freeform series Grown-ish, and the Bravo franchise The Real Housewives.[189] Marketing outside the United States was 'fairly uniform', though in the Middle East the focus was kept on Black Panther in-costume as superhero films 'just keep working' there according to Gianluca Chakra of Middle East distributor Front Row. This was the same for Asian territories. A Wakanda exhibit was featured in malls in seven Chinese cities, along with displays showing Black Panther with other MCU characters. A special trailer created for China had Boseman explain the character's connection to other MCU films. Weibo attended the Los Angeles premiere to take pictures and videos with the cast and crew in real time for China, the first time the company has partnered with a foreign studio for this type of engagement.[192]
Release
Theatrical
Black Panther had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018.[193] The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje,[194] while Coogler, cast members, and other guests wore African clothing at the request of Marvel for attendees to wear 'royal attire', honoring the African setting of the film.[194][2] Ahead of the premiere screening, Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film.[194]Black Panther was released in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Taiwan on February 13,[195] in South Korea on February 14,[196] and the United States on February 16.[96] In the United States, the film opened in 4,020 theaters,[189] with over 3,200 of those in 3D,[197] 404 in IMAX,[189] over 660 in premium large format, and over 200 D-Box locations. In addition, Black Panther was the first MCU film to be converted to ScreenX, a 270-degree wraparound format, that played in over 101 locations in eight countries.[197] The film opened in most markets in its first weekend of release including a 'cross-nation release' in Africa, a first for a Disney film.[195][121][139]Black Panther was originally scheduled for release on November 3, 2017,[7] before moving to July 6, 2018 to accommodate Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017).[86] It was then moved to the final February date to accommodate Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018).[96]
Black Panther was set to premiere in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on April 18, 2018, making it the first public film viewing since cinemas were outlawed in the kingdom in the early 1980s when highly conservative religious regulations were introduced in 1979. The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The premiere was set to take place in a 620 leather seat cinema, owned by AMC Theatres, in the King Abdullah Financial District of Riyadh that was planned at first to be a symphony hall.[198][199] Disney's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed, which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region. Awwad Alawwad, Saudi Arabia's Minister of Culture and Information, and Adam Aron, CEO of AMC Entertainment, were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance.[200] Men and women sat together at the screening, after the Saudi government relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women.[201]Black Panther screened there for five days before Avengers: Infinity War premiered on April 26.[199]
Black Panther returned to 250 AMC Theatres in the United States from February 1 until February 7, 2019, for free, with two showings of the film occurring at each theater for the week. The week-long return was in honor of the start of Black History Month and the film winning two Screen Actors Guild Awards and earning an Academy AwardBest Picture nomination. Disney also gave a $1.5 million grant to the United Negro College Fund.[202]
Home media
Black Panther was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 15, 2018. The digital and Blu-ray releases included several bonus features: behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, an exclusive look at Ant-Man and the Wasp, and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU.[203]
As of November 11, 2018, the film's Blu-ray and DVD releases have sold 4.2million units and grossed $87 million in the United States, making it the best-selling film of 2018.[204]
Reception
Box office
Black Panther grossed $700.1million in the United States and Canada, and $646.9million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1.347billion.[4] During its theatrical run, it became the highest-grossing solo superhero film,[205] the third-highest-grossing film of the MCU and superhero film overall,[206] the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time,[207] and the highest grossing film by a black director.[208][209] It is the fifth MCU film and 33rd overall to surpass $1billion,[210] and the second-highest-grossing film of 2018.[211]Deadline Hollywood estimated the net profit of the film to be $476.8 million, accounting for production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media, placing it second on their list of 2018's 'Most Valuable Blockbusters'.[3]
Pre-sale tickets
The film had the fourth-highest pre-sale tickets sold on Fandango, and became the top pre-seller for a superhero film and for a film released in February as well as the first quarter of a year.[212] The first 24 hours of ticket pre-sales on the site were the largest for a Marvel film.[213]Black Panther also had the highest number of ticket pre-sales for any superhero film at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema,[214] while out-selling all previous Marvel films at AMC Theatres,[215] and having strong pre-sales at Atom Tickets.[197] Four days before its United States opening, IMAX Entertainment CEO Greg Foster revealed that Black Panther had the most advanced IMAX ticket sales of any Marvel film, which did not appear to have peaked 10 days before opening as with most films; Black Panther, he said, 'feels like it's going to peak the day it opens'.[216] Fandango's pre-sales ultimately accounted for 30% of the film's United States and Canada opening weekend gross, one of the largest box office shares for any film in Fandango's history.[217]
United States and Canada
Early projections for Black Panther's opening weekend ranged from $80–170million,[218][195] with rival film studios projecting the total to be as high as $180–200million;[197] Disney projected the gross to be around $150million.[195] It ultimately earned $75.8million on its opening day (including $25.2million from Thursday night previews), and $242.1million over the four-day Presidents' Day weekend.[189] This was the best Presidents' Day weekend opening,[219] and the best opening weekend for a black director and predominantly black cast.[220] For AMC Theatres, Black Panther became the highest-grossing film ever at 33 locations,[221] and had the biggest opening weekend for 150 of them. Overall, this was the second-largest opening weekend ever for the chain with 4.4million admissions. Atom Tickets sold more tickets for Black Panther than any other superhero film.[222] Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood described the success as 'summer box office records during the second month of the year'.[189]
The week after its opening weekend was also strong, with a record-setting Tuesday and Thursday earnings,[223][224] becoming the MCU film with the highest first-week gross.[225] It also surpassed $300million in eight days, becoming the fastest MCU film to do so.[224] In its second weekend, the film earned $112million, which was a 45 percent decrease from its opening week, the smallest decline in a second weekend for any MCU film. It was the second-best second weekend ever, and the best second weekend for a Marvel film beating The Avengers ($103million).[226]Black Panther also became the highest-grossing film released in February, surpassing The Passion of the Christ (2004) ($370.3 million).[227]
Black Panther was the first film to hold the number one spot at the box office for at least five weekends since Avatar (2009),[228] and the first February release to hold the top box office spot for five weekends since Wayne's World in 1992.[229] The film declined over subsequent weekends, but remained in the top ten through its tenth.[230][231] In its eleventh weekend, the film rose back up at the box office, in part because of the release of Avengers: Infinity War the same weekend,[207] and the following weekend it earned $3.14 million from over 1,600 locations. D'Alessandro noted the gross from that number of locations indicated people were continuing to see Black Panther in conjunction with Infinity War.[232]Black Panther was in the top ten again in its thirteenth weekend.[233]
In its 25th weekend, Disney increased the film's theater count from 10 to 25 to help the film become the third ever to surpass $700million.[234][235] Brian Gallagher of IGN felt the film surpassing $700million was more impressive than Infinity War's $2.045billion worldwide gross at the time. Gallagher pointed to Black Panther being more consistent each week, never having more than a 50% weekend decrease until the 15th frame while Infinity War dropped 55% in its second weekend, its February release date without any major competition from other films, and the fact it was 'a rallying cry for diversity and representation'.[235]Black Panther is the highest-grossing film of 2018 and became the third-highest-grossing film of all time,[236] as well as the highest-grossing superhero film.[230][237][238] Its IMAX total of $36million is the most for any MCU film.[226]
Other territories
Outside the United States and Canada, the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and earned $184million,[239][219] opening at number one in most territories (though second in some where Fifty Shades Freed performed better, such as Germany and Italy). It became the top February opening in many countries,[239][240] including in the African market and the Middle East, while taking the top spot across Latin America.[239] IMAX accounted for $11.5million of the opening weekend gross, from 272 screens,[222] which included record opening weekends in the format for Nigeria, Kenya, and Indonesia.[239] In its second weekend, in 55 territories, the film earned $83.5million and remained number one in most, including across Latin America, while becoming the top film in Germany. The West Africa region saw a 7% increase, which resulted in the biggest three-day weekend ever there. Trinidad had the biggest opening weekend ever ($700,000) and the IMAX release in Russia ($1.7million) was a February record for that country.[241]
In its third weekend, the film remained number one across many of its 56 territories, including the entire Latin America region,[242] while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend, the second overall.[242][243] In its fourth weekend, Black Panther opened in China ($66.5 million) with the fourth-highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the country. This included the biggest opening day and opening weekend ($7.3 million) of March for IMAX in China. The film also remained at number one in the United Kingdom and the Latin America region (except Argentina) for the fourth straight weekend, as well as number one in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.[244]Black Panther was the top film in South Africa for seven weeks,[245] where it became the highest-grossing film ever.[246] It also became the highest-grossing film of all time in West and East Africa, and the southern Africa region,[242][247] and the highest-grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands.[205] As of April 8, 2018, the film's largest markets were China ($104.6 million), the United Kingdom ($67.7million), and South Korea ($42.8million).[248] It became the fifth-highest-grossing MCU film of all time in other territories.[246]
Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 97% based on 462 reviews, with an average rating of 8.26/10. The website's critical consensus reads, 'Black Panther elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU's most absorbing stories—and introducing some of its most fully realized characters.'[250] As of February 18, 2018, it was the best-reviewed live-action superhero film on the site, beating The Dark Knight (2008) and Iron Man (both 94%).[251]Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 88 out of 100, based on 55 critics, indicating 'universal acclaim'.[252] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of 'A+' on an A+ to F scale, the second live-action superhero film to receive that grade after Marvel's The Avengers. Filmgoers polled by comScore's PostTrak service gave the film a 95% positive score and an 88% 'definite recommend', with a third of people planning to see the film again.[189][226] RelishMix reported that the use of Twitter hashtags for #BlackPanther and tagging of the film's Twitter account from those leaving the theater was the highest for a film's opening weekend, with 559,000 unique posts in one day (100,000 posts for a film is average).[189]Black Panther was listed on many critics' top ten lists as a top film of 2018.[253]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter highlighted the actors in the film, feeling that Boseman 'certainly holds his own, but there are quite a few charismatic supporting players' including Jordan, Nyong'o, and Wright.[254] Peter Debruge at Variety said the film was one of the best standalone Marvel films so far, and that it 'celebrates its hero's heritage'.[255] Writing for The New York Times, Manohla Dargis called Black Panther 'a jolt of a movie', and praised it as an 'emblem of a past that was denied and a future that feels very present' due to its focus on black imagination, creation, and liberation.[256] At the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan praised the themes of the film and their exploration of what wealthy countries owe to the poor and oppressed, and noted that the film 'draws energy from Coogler's sense of excitement at all he's attempting', saying that the film was worth seeing twice which he felt was rare for a modern superhero film.[257]Richard Roeper, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, called the film 'one of the best superhero movies of the century' and said audiences should watch the film if they appreciate 'finely honed storytelling with a Shakespearean core; winning performances from an enormously talented ensemble; provocative premises touching on isolationism, revolution and cultures of oppression, and oh yeah, tons of whiz-bang action sequences and good humor'.[258] Brian Truitt of USA Today awarded the film four out of four stars, and called it Marvel Studios' best origin film since Guardians of the Galaxy. Truitt also praised the 'superb cast' and stated, 'While the themes are deep, Black Panther is at the same time a visual joy to behold, with confident quirkiness, insane action sequences and special effects, and the glorious reveal of Wakanda'.[259]
Also giving the film four stars, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it unlike any other Marvel film, 'an exhilarating triumph on every level from writing, directing, acting, production design, costumes, music, special effects to you name it'.[260] Natasha Alford of The Grio called the film a 'movement, a revolution in progress, and a joy to experience all wrapped into one', and called it 'a master class in what it means to be proud of who you are'.[261]Jamie Broadnax of Black Girl Nerds called the film a masterpiece that is 'afro-futuristic and Blackity-black as hell. It's everything I've ever desired in a live-action version of this popular superhero and yet so much more.'[262] Jamelle Bouie of Slate said, 'it is fair to say that Black Panther is the most political movie ever produced by Marvel Studios, both in its very existence.. and in the questions its story raises.' He added that the film should be included with Superman (1978), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and The Dark Knight as superhero films that do not 'transcend the genre as much as they embrace it in all its respects'. Bouie concluded, 'Black Panther could have been just another Marvel romp [but] Coogler and company had the power, and perhaps the responsibility, to do much more. And they did.'[263] Although praising the film itself and calling it a 'refreshing answer to the increasingly stale world of superhero cinema', Devindra Hardawar at Engadget was critical of the CGI, notably the digital actors used, calling them 'weightless, ugly and, worst of all, incredibly distracting'. Hardawar felt two 'particularly disappointing' CGI shots were when T'Challa flips over a car during the Korea chase, and when T'Challa and Kilmonger punch each other as they fall within the vibranium mines.[264]
Analysis
Cultural importance
—Erlanger Turner, assistant professor of Psychology at the University of Houston–Downtown[265]
Writing for Time, Jamil Smith felt Black Panther would 'prove to Hollywood that African-American narratives have the power to generate profits from all audiences', and described it as a resistance to 'a regressive cultural and political moment fueled in part by the white-nativist movement.. Its themes challenge institutional bias, its characters take unsubtle digs at oppressors, and its narrative includes prismatic perspectives on black life and tradition.'[266] Discussing the film as a defining moment for black America in The New York Times Magazine, Carvell Wallace said that in contrast to earlier black superhero films, Black Panther 'is steeped very specifically and purposefully in its blackness'. He felt Wakanda would become a 'promised land' for future generations of black Americans, 'untroubled by the criminal horrors of our [current] American existence.'[267] Historian Nathan D. B. Connolly said Black Panther was 'a powerful fictional analogy for real-life struggles' that taps into a '500-year history of African-descended people imagining freedom, land and national autonomy.' Connolly also felt, culturally, the film would be this generation's A Raisin in the Sun (1961).[268] Writer and activist Shaun King found the film to be a cultural moment in American black history similar to Rosa Parks' Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech, or Barack Obama being elected president.[269]
By contrast, James Wilt, writing for Canadian Dimension, stated that 'at its core, Black Panther contains a fundamentally reactionary understanding of black liberation that blatantly advocates respectability politics over revolution' allowing 'white folks such as myself to feel extremely comfortable watching it'. Wilt found the scene where Ross is portrayed as 'the hero' for shooting down the Wakandan ships to be the film's way of approving the vanquishing of armed resistance against oppression. Wilt also felt that Killmonger was given the 'most hideous traits imaginable [making] the only major African-American character and agitator for revolution a manic killer consumed by rage and violence'.[270] Russell Rickford of Africa is a Country wrote that Killmonger's role as a character is 'to discredit radical internationalism'.[271] Faisal Kutty from Middle East Eye felt the film had underlying Islamophobic themes, with the only Islamic characters being a Boko Haram-based group that kidnapped several girls and forced them to wear hijab.[272]
Science & Entertainment Exchange Director for the National Academy of Sciences Richard Loverd felt the film would increase interest in science, technology, and Africa for young black Americans, similarly to how The Hunger Games films and Brave (2012) sparked girls' interest in archery.[121] Broadnax felt many people who generally do not watch comic book films would go to Black Panther since 'they're going to see themselves reflected in a huge way that they just haven't been able to see before',[273] especially since the film avoided the plight typically depicted in films about the black experience.[267] She also stated that the strong female characters, such as Shuri, would be an inspiration for girls.[273] Gil Robertson, co-founder and president of the African American Film Critics Association, called the film 'critically important' and 'a gate-opener opportunity for other black-centered projects'.[273] Child development expert Deborah Gilboa felt the film would make a huge impact on children's spirits by offering positive role models.[274] Scholar Marlene D. Allen felt the saying 'if you can see it, you can be it' applied to the film, especially with the female characters in the film. Allen felt the women of Wakanda 'are the very definition of 'Black Girl Magic', a term coined by CaShawn Thompson in 2013 'to celebrate the beauty, power, and resilience of Black women.''[275] Tre Johnson of Rolling Stone felt that 'after decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero, we may finally be getting what we've asked for', with Johnson saying Black Panther felt different from the Blaxploitation films of the 1970s and the 'Blaxploitation-lite' attempts at black superhero films in the 1990s and 2000s because it was 'respectable, imaginative and powerful', setting 'a new direction' for the depiction of black superheroes.[179] In the film's opening weekend, 37% of audiences in the United States were African-American, according to PostTrak, compared to 35% Caucasian, 18% Hispanic, and 5% Asian.[189] This was the most diverse audience for a superhero film ever (African-Americans generally make up 15% of audiences for superhero films).[181] In its second weekend, demographics were 37% Caucasian, 33% African American, 18% Hispanic and 7% Asian.[226]
In early January 2018, Frederick Joseph created a GoFundMe drive to raise money for children of color at the Boys & Girls Club in Harlem to see Black Panther.[276] Joseph said the film was a 'rare opportunity' for underserved children of color to see 'see a black major .. comic book character' brought to film.[274] Joseph promoted the drive with Boseman on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. The drive went on to raise over $45,000,[277] exceeding its goal,[276] with the money also funding other programs for children in Harlem.[277] Joseph also started the 'Black Panther Challenge' where he encouraged other people to create similar drives for their communities.[276] GoFundMe made a centralized site for those wishing to start a drive for the challenge.[278] 400 additional drives were started around the world, and the overall drive became the largest GoFundMe in history for an entertainment event, raising over $400,000.[189] Many celebrities offered their support and contributions to the drives,[276] including Ellen DeGeneres, Snoop Dogg, Chelsea Clinton, J. J. Abrams,[277]Octavia Spencer,[279] and British actress Jade Anouka.[277]
In June 2018, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture announced they had acquired several items from the film for their collection, including Boseman's Black Panther costume and a shooting script for the film signed by Coogler, Feige, Moore, and Cole. The museum said that the collection provides a 'fuller story of black culture and identity' by showing the progression of black Americans in film, 'an industry that [once] regulated them to flat, one-dimensional and marginalized figures.'[280] In conjunction with The Hollywood Reporter's Women in Entertainment Mentorship Program, and its partner the Greater Los Angeles chapter of Big Brothers Big Sisters, Walt Disney Studios created 'The Black Panther Scholarship', worth US$250,000 to Loyola Marymount University. Boseman, Nyong'o, and Gurira presented the scholarship to its first recipient at The Hollywood Reporter's 2018 Women in Entertainment event in early December 2018.[281]
African and African-American representation
Dwayne Wong (Omowale) writing in HuffPost saw the film and its comic origins as addressing 'serious political issues concerning Africa's relationship to the West that is very rarely given the serious attention that it deserves', with Wakandans portrayed as suspicious towards outsiders. He concluded that while the country is fictional, the politics 'are very real. The end of colonialism did not end Western tampering in Africa's politics'.[282] Carlos Rosario Gonzalez of Bam! Smack! Pow! said the struggle between T'Challa and Killmonger represents the collision of 'what it means to be African' and 'what Africa means to Afro-minorities today'. In this view, Wakanda represents Africa without Western colonialism, and Killmonger shows us that 'we can sometimes inevitably become what we seek to destroy,' concluding that Killmonger wants to use Wakanda's resources to become a colonizer of the West while 'Wakanda's conservative ways created the very problem that sought to destroy them, Erik Killmonger'.[283] Jelani Cobb, writing in The New Yorker, discussed the divide between Africans and African-Americans, which he called a 'fundamental dissonance'. He felt T'Challa and Killmonger represented 'dueling responses to five centuries of African exploitation at the hands of the West. The villain, to the extent that the term applies, is history itself'. Cobb added that Black Panther is political in a way previous MCU films were not because in those 'we were at least clear about where the lines of fantasy departed from reality [while this film is set in] in an invented nation in Africa, a continent that has been grappling with invented versions of itself ever since white men first declared it the 'dark continent' and set about plundering its people and its resources.'[284] Writing for The Atlantic, Adam Serwer argued against the assertion that Erik Killmonger was a representation for black liberation, positing instead that he represented imperialism. He felt that this was emphasized through his actions, as Killmonger's attempts to take over several of the world's major cities notably include Hong Kong. Since China does not have a white Western hegemony in need of overthrowing, Killonger's desire to conquer China was purely for the sake of power. Ultimately, he argues that 'Black Panther does not render a verdict that violence is an unacceptable tool of black liberation—to the contrary, that is precisely how Wakanda is liberated. It renders a verdict on imperialism as a tool of black liberation, to say that the master's tools cannot dismantle the master's house.'[285]
Patrick Gathara, writing in The Washington Post, described the film as offering a 'regressive, neocolonial vision of Africa', which – rather than a 'redemptive counter-mythology' – offers 'the same destructive myths'. Gathara highlighted the Africa that is portrayed, still essentially a European creation, as being divided and tribalized, with Wakanda run by a wealthy and feuding elite that despite its advanced technical abilities does not have a means of succession beyond lethal combat. The Wakandans 'still cleanly fit into the Western molds [of] a dark people in a dark continent' according to Gathara, and they 'remain so remarkably unsophisticated that a 'returning' American can basically stroll in and take over .. [The film] should not be mistaken for an attempt at liberating Africa from Europe. Quite the opposite. Its 'redemptive counter-mythology' entrenches the tropes that have been used to dehumanize Africans for centuries.'[286] Christopher Lebron, in a piece for Boston Review, called the film racist because it depicts black Americans who had been left in poverty and oppression, as exemplified by Killmonger, as still being 'relegated to the lowest rung of political regard' in the film, treated as less deserving of empathy and less capable of their acts being deemed heroic, than even Ross' white spy. Lebron felt that T'Challa could have shown himself a good person by understanding how Killmonger was affected by American racism and T'Chaka's 'cruelty', and could have agreed that justice sometimes requires violence as a last resort against oppression. He summed up by commenting that 'In 2018, a world home to both the Movement for Black Lives and a president [Donald Trump] who identifies white supremacists as fine people, we are given a movie about black empowerment where the only redeemed blacks are African nobles [who] safeguard virtue and goodness against the threat not of white Americans or Europeans, but a black American'.[287]
Accolades
Black Panther was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture (winning three),[288] one American Music Award (won),[289] nine BET Awards (winning two),[290] one Billboard Music Award,[291] one British Academy Film Award (won),[292] twelve Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning three),[293] three Golden Globe Awards,[294] eight Grammy Awards (winning two),[295] seven MTV Movie & TV Awards (winning four),[296] one MTV Video Music Award (won),[297] sixteen NAACP Image Awards (winning ten),[298] five People's Choice Awards (winning two),[299] fourteen Saturn Awards (winning five),[300][301] two Screen Actors Guild Awards (winning both),[302] and eleven Teen Choice Awards (winning three),[303] among others. Its nominations for the Academy Award for Best Picture and Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama were firsts for a superhero film,[304][305] while its Academy Award wins were the first for Marvel Studios and an MCU film.[306]Black Panther was named one of the ten best films of 2018 by the National Board of Review as well as one of the ten best films of 2018 by the American Film Institute.[307][308] The film was the top entertainment Google search of 2018 along with the sixth overall.[309]
Oscars campaign
By late August 2018, Disney hired Academy Award campaign strategist Cynthia Swartz to create a nomination campaign on behalf of the film for the 91st Academy Awards, with Feige and Marvel Studios said to have given the film 'a significant awards season budget, a commitment Marvel has never before made.' The campaign was focused to highlight 'the film's creative accomplishments and the global impact it made' in the hopes of receiving a Best Picture nomination; the campaign was not altered with the announcement of the new Best Popular Film award, which appeared to be 'designed to reward blockbusters like Black Panther' in the event they did not receive a best picture nomination.[310] The Best Popular Film award was ultimately not implemented for the 91st Academy Awards, in order for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to 'examine and seek additional input regarding' it.[311][312] Glenn Whipp of the Los Angeles Times felt the 'blueprint' for the film's best picture campaign was to 'communicate to Oscar voters that this is an auteur-driven superhero movie possessing a deep significance both to its director and to people historically underrepresented in Hollywood films.' Another Oscar campaign consultant felt reminding the Oscar voters Black Panther 'wasn't just a movie, it was a phenomenon' would help the film earn a nomination. Another said voters 'want to reward good movies and they also want to reward movies that say something significant and make the industry look good. Black Panther ticks off those boxes.' The consultants also felt if Black Panther could earn multiple nominations in the craft award categories, it would bolster its chances for a best picture nomination; Whipp believed that Morrison, Beachler, Carter, Friend and Harlow, and Lamar all had the possibility to be nominated for Best Cinematography, Best Production Design, Best Costume Design, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, and Best Original Song, respectively.[310] A few weeks later, Disney revealed their For Your Consideration list, with consideration in all Awards of Merit categories, aside from Best Actress and categories it was not eligible for, such as those for animation, short films, and documentaries.[313][314]
Black Panther was ultimately nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Costume Design, Best Production Design, Best Original Score, Best Original Song (for 'All the Stars'), Best Sound Editing, and Best Sound Mixing.[315] The film was the first superhero film ever to be nominated for Best Picture,[304] while Beachler's nomination for Best Production Design was the first for an African-American.[316] Feige called the best picture nomination 'gratifying' and 'the highest form of recognition from our peers'.[304] On her nomination, Beachler said she felt 'a certain responsibility. It means breaking down walls .. for young women of color and boys and girls of color to see that this is not impossible.'[316]
Sequel
With the release of Black Panther, Feige said 'there are many, many stories to tell' about the character, and that he wanted Coogler to return for any potential sequel.[317] Coogler added that he wanted to see how T'Challa would grow as a king in future films, since his reign only began recently in the MCU, while in the comics, he has been king since childhood.[318] In March 2018, Feige added there was 'nothing specific to reveal' in terms of a sequel, but that there 'absolutely' were 'ideas and a pretty solid direction on where we want to head with the second one'.[319] By October 2018, Coogler had completed a deal to write and direct a sequel to Black Panther.[320] Wright will reprise her role as Shuri in the film.[321]
See also
Notes
- ^As depicted in the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War.[5]
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External links
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- Black Panther on IMDb